Medicinal plants
Introduction
Medicinal plants, also referred to as medicinal herbs, have been discovered and used in traditional medicine practices since prehistoric times. Plants synthesise hundreds of chemical compounds for functions including defense against insects, fungi, diseases, and herbivorous mammals. Many of these phytochemicals have beneficial effects on long-term health when consumed by humans, and can be used to effectively treat human diseases. At least 12,000 such compounds have been isolated so far; a number estimated to be less than 10% of the total.
History
The use of plants as medicines predates written human history. Ethnobotany, the study of traditional human uses of plants, is recognized as an effective way to discover future medicines. In 2001, researchers identified 122 compounds used in mainstream medicine which were derived from ethnobotanical sources; 80% of these compounds were used in the same or related manner as the traditional medicinal plants from which they were derived.
Types of Medicinal Plants
There are several types of medicinal plants, including:
- Herbaceous Medicinal Plants: These are non-woody plants that die down at the end of the growing season.
- Shrub Medicinal Plants: These are woody plants smaller than a tree, often having multiple stems arising from the base.
- Tree Medicinal Plants: These are large, woody plants that are longer lived than herbs and shrubs.
Active Compounds in Medicinal Plants
Medicinal plants contain a wide variety of bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds. These compounds have been found to have various effects on human health, including antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral effects. For example, the alkaloid morphine, derived from the opium poppy, is used in medicine for its analgesic (pain-relieving) effects.
Cultivation and Collection of Medicinal Plants
The cultivation and collection of medicinal plants is a vital economic activity in many parts of the world. However, over-collection of wild specimens can threaten local ecosystems and the species themselves. Sustainable cultivation practices are therefore crucial to ensure the continued availability of medicinal plants for future generations.
Preparation and Use of Medicinal Plants
The preparation and use of medicinal plants can vary widely depending on the specific plant and the desired effect. Common methods of preparation include infusion, decoction, tincture, and poultice. These preparations can be used internally (such as by drinking an infusion or tincture) or externally (such as by applying a poultice to the skin).
Safety and Efficacy of Medicinal Plants
While many medicinal plants have been used for centuries and are considered safe, not all are safe for all users. Some medicinal plants can interact with prescription or over-the-counter medications, while others can be toxic if used improperly. Therefore, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new treatment with medicinal plants.
Future of Medicinal Plants
The future of medicinal plants looks promising, with ongoing research into their potential uses in healthcare. As the understanding of the bioactive compounds in medicinal plants continues to grow, so too does the potential for new and effective treatments for a variety of health conditions.