Madeira
Geography
Madeira is an archipelago in the North Atlantic Ocean, southwest of mainland Portugal. Its total area is approximately 801 square kilometers, consisting of two inhabited islands, Madeira and Porto Santo, and two groups of uninhabited islands, the Desertas and the Savage Islands. The largest island, Madeira, is rugged with high cliffs and a mountainous interior, while Porto Santo is characterized by its sandy beaches.
Geology
The archipelago of Madeira is of volcanic origin, formed during the Miocene epoch around 5 million years ago. The islands are part of the African tectonic plate, near the boundary with the Eurasian plate. The geology of Madeira is characterized by its volcanic rocks, mainly basaltic compositions, and its rich soils.
Climate
Madeira has a subtropical climate, with mild temperatures throughout the year. The island's mountainous terrain creates microclimates, with the north side receiving more rainfall and the south side being warmer and drier. The average annual temperature is around 19°C (66°F) on the coast.
Flora and Fauna
Madeira is known for its unique and diverse flora and fauna. The island is home to the largest surviving area of laurel forest (Laurisilva) in the world, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This forest is home to a variety of endemic species, including the Madeira firecrest and the Madeira laurel pigeon.
History
The archipelago was discovered by Portuguese navigators in the 15th century. It was colonized by Portugal and developed as a strategic location for maritime routes. The islands' economy was initially based on sugar production, later replaced by wine production and tourism.
Economy
Today, Madeira's economy is largely based on tourism, with visitors drawn to its natural beauty, mild climate, and cultural heritage. Other significant sectors include agriculture, with the cultivation of bananas, wine grapes, and sugar cane, and fishing.
Culture
Madeira has a rich cultural heritage, with influences from Portugal and its own unique traditions. The island is known for its folk music, traditional dance, and handicrafts. The annual Carnival and the New Year's Eve fireworks display are notable cultural events.