Lockheed Model 14 Super Electra
Design and Development
The Lockheed Model 14 Super Electra was an American twin-engine, all-metal monoplane developed by the Lockheed Aircraft Corporation in the 1930s. It was designed to serve as a medium-range airliner and was a significant advancement over its predecessor, the Model 10 Electra. The Model 14 was developed in response to the growing demand for faster and more efficient commercial aircraft, driven by the burgeoning airline industry of the time.
The design of the Super Electra was spearheaded by the renowned aeronautical engineer Clarence L. "Kelly" Johnson, who later became famous for his work on the U-2 and SR-71 Blackbird. The aircraft featured a low-wing configuration, which was a departure from the high-wing designs prevalent in earlier airliners. This configuration provided better aerodynamic efficiency and improved the aircraft's speed and range.
The Model 14 was powered by two Wright R-1820 Cyclone radial engines, each capable of producing 900 horsepower. These engines were equipped with variable-pitch propellers, which allowed for better performance during takeoff and landing. The aircraft's structure was primarily composed of aluminum, which contributed to its lightweight and robust design.
Operational History
The Lockheed Model 14 Super Electra made its maiden flight on July 29, 1937. It quickly gained popularity among airlines due to its impressive speed and range capabilities. The aircraft could accommodate up to 14 passengers and had a maximum range of approximately 1,200 miles, making it suitable for medium-haul routes.
One of the most notable operators of the Super Electra was Transcontinental & Western Air (TWA), which used the aircraft to establish new routes across the United States. The aircraft's speed and reliability made it a favorite among passengers and airlines alike. Additionally, the Model 14 was exported to several countries, including the United Kingdom, where it was operated by British Airways.
The Super Electra also played a significant role during World War II. Many of the aircraft were requisitioned by the military and converted for various roles, including transport, reconnaissance, and training. The Royal Air Force used the aircraft under the designation "Hudson," where it served as a maritime patrol aircraft.
Variants
The Lockheed Model 14 Super Electra was produced in several variants to meet the diverse needs of its operators. These variants included:
- **Model 14-H**: The initial production version, equipped with Wright R-1820 Cyclone engines.
- **Model 14-N**: An improved version with more powerful engines and increased fuel capacity, offering extended range.
- **Model 14-W**: A variant designed for higher altitude operations, featuring supercharged engines.
- **Hudson**: A military version used primarily by the Royal Air Force for maritime patrol duties during World War II.
Each variant was tailored to specific operational requirements, showcasing the versatility of the Super Electra's design.
Technical Specifications
The Lockheed Model 14 Super Electra was a technologically advanced aircraft for its time. Below are the detailed technical specifications of the Model 14-H variant:
- **Crew**: 2 (pilot and co-pilot)
- **Capacity**: Up to 14 passengers
- **Length**: 44 ft 9 in (13.64 m)
- **Wingspan**: 65 ft 6 in (19.96 m)
- **Height**: 10 ft 2 in (3.10 m)
- **Wing Area**: 551 sq ft (51.2 m²)
- **Empty Weight**: 11,300 lb (5,126 kg)
- **Gross Weight**: 18,500 lb (8,391 kg)
- **Powerplant**: 2 × Wright R-1820 Cyclone radial engines, 900 hp each
- **Maximum Speed**: 225 mph (362 km/h)
- **Range**: 1,200 miles (1,931 km)
- **Service Ceiling**: 23,000 ft (7,010 m)
Impact and Legacy
The Lockheed Model 14 Super Electra left a lasting impact on the aviation industry. Its innovative design and advanced technology set new standards for commercial airliners. The aircraft's success paved the way for future Lockheed designs, including the Lockheed Constellation, which became one of the most iconic airliners of the mid-20th century.
The Super Electra's role during World War II further cemented its legacy as a versatile and reliable aircraft. Its contributions to both commercial aviation and military operations demonstrated the adaptability of its design.