Leukotriene modifiers
Overview
Leukotriene modifiers are a type of medication that are used primarily in the management of asthma and allergic rhinitis. They work by blocking the effects of leukotrienes, which are substances that contribute to inflammation in the airways.
Mechanism of Action
Leukotriene modifiers work by inhibiting the action of leukotrienes, a group of eicosanoids that play a key role in the pathophysiology of asthma and allergic rhinitis. Leukotrienes are produced by the 5-lipoxygenase pathway in leukocytes and are involved in inflammatory responses. They cause bronchoconstriction, increase mucus production, and promote inflammation in the airways.
There are two main types of leukotriene modifiers: leukotriene receptor antagonists (LRAs) and 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors. LRAs, such as montelukast and zafirlukast, work by blocking the leukotriene receptors in the airways, thereby preventing the action of leukotrienes. 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors, such as zileuton, inhibit the enzyme 5-lipoxygenase, which is responsible for the production of leukotrienes.
Clinical Uses
Leukotriene modifiers are primarily used in the management of asthma and allergic rhinitis. They can be used as monotherapy or in combination with other medications, such as inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta agonists.
In asthma, leukotriene modifiers can help to reduce symptoms, improve lung function, and decrease the need for rescue medication. They can also help to prevent exercise-induced bronchoconstriction.
In allergic rhinitis, leukotriene modifiers can help to reduce symptoms such as nasal congestion, sneezing, and itching.
Side Effects and Contraindications
Like all medications, leukotriene modifiers can cause side effects. These can include headache, nausea, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Rarely, they can cause mood changes and suicidal thoughts.
Leukotriene modifiers are contraindicated in people with hypersensitivity to any component of the medication. They should be used with caution in people with liver disease, as they can increase liver enzymes.
Future Research
Research is ongoing into the potential uses of leukotriene modifiers in other conditions, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, and nasal polyps.