Latex Allergy
Overview
A Latex Allergy is a reaction to certain proteins found in natural rubber latex, a product made from the sap of the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). It is a type of hypersensitivity reaction, specifically a Type I hypersensitivity reaction, which is also known as an immediate or anaphylactic reaction. This type of reaction involves the immune system and can cause a range of symptoms, from mild to severe.
Causes
Latex allergy is caused by an allergic reaction to proteins in natural rubber latex. These proteins can cause a person's immune system to react, producing antibodies that recognize the proteins as harmful. When a person with a latex allergy is exposed to latex, their immune system releases chemicals, including histamine, which cause allergic symptoms.
There are three types of reactions that can occur in individuals exposed to latex: irritant contact dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis (also known as Type IV hypersensitivity), and latex allergy (Type I hypersensitivity).
Symptoms
The symptoms of latex allergy can vary greatly from person to person. They can range from mild to severe, and can occur immediately after exposure or can be delayed. The most common symptoms include skin redness, itching, hives, and swelling. In some cases, symptoms can include runny nose, sneezing, itchy eyes, scratchy throat, and asthma. In severe cases, latex allergy can cause anaphylaxis, a potentially life-threatening reaction that can cause difficulty breathing, dizziness, loss of consciousness, and even death.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of latex allergy can be challenging, as the symptoms can be similar to those of other allergies. A detailed medical history, physical examination, and specific diagnostic tests are needed to confirm the diagnosis. These tests may include a skin prick test, blood tests to detect latex-specific antibodies, and in some cases, a latex challenge test.
Treatment and Management
There is currently no cure for latex allergy, so the best strategy is to avoid exposure to latex. This can be challenging, as latex is found in many products. Individuals with a latex allergy should wear a medical alert bracelet and carry an epinephrine auto-injector in case of accidental exposure and anaphylaxis.
In addition to avoidance, treatment of latex allergy symptoms can include antihistamines, corticosteroids, and in severe cases, epinephrine.
Prevention
Prevention of latex allergy involves avoiding exposure to latex. This can be achieved by using non-latex gloves for tasks that require them, using non-latex condoms, and avoiding products that contain latex. In healthcare settings, synthetic latex, which does not contain the natural rubber latex proteins responsible for allergic reactions, can be used.