Kurgan
Origins and Etymology
The term "Kurgan" is of Turkic origin, meaning "fortification" or "mound". It is widely used in archaeological and anthropological contexts to refer to a specific type of ancient burial mound or barrow, characteristic of the Eurasian Steppe during the Bronze Age and Iron AgeBronze AgeIron Age. The term is not used by the cultures that created these structures, but is a modern label given by scholars.
Kurgan Cultures
The concept of the "Kurgan culture" was first postulated by the Lithuanian archaeologist Marija Gimbutas in the mid-20th century. She proposed that the Kurgan cultures of the Pontic-Caspian steppe were in fact the speakers of the Proto-Indo-European languageProto-Indo-European, and that they spread their language and culture into Europe, Asia, and the Indian subcontinent through migrations and invasions.
Kurgan Hypothesis
The Kurgan hypothesis is a model of early Indo-European origins, which postulates that the people of the Kurgan culture of the Pontic-Caspian steppe were the most likely speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language. The Kurgan hypothesis is one of the most widely accepted theories of Indo-European origins, although it is not without its critics and alternatives, such as the Anatolian hypothesisAnatolian hypothesis.
Kurgan Structures
Kurgans are typically earthen mounds, often ringed by a stone kerb and covered by a layer of turf. They were constructed over a burial chamber, which was often made of wood and contained the remains of one or more individuals, along with grave goods such as pottery, weapons, and personal items. The size and complexity of kurgans can vary greatly, from small, simple mounds to large and elaborate structures with multiple chambers and intricate construction.
Archaeological Significance
Kurgans are of great archaeological significance as they provide a wealth of information about the cultures that built them. They are often the most visible and enduring remains of these cultures, and their study has provided important insights into their beliefs, social structure, and material culture. The grave goods found within kurgans can also provide valuable information about trade networks, technological development, and artistic styles of the time.