Knights of Malta
History
The Knights of Malta, formally known as the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes, and of Malta, is a lay religious order traditionally of military, chivalric, and noble nature. Its origins trace back to the 11th century when it was established in Jerusalem to provide care for sick, poor, or injured pilgrims to the Holy Land. The order was recognized by the papacy in 1113, which granted it the right to elect its leaders without interference and to hold property.
Foundation and Early Years
The order was founded around 1048, during the time of the Crusades, by a group of merchants from the ancient maritime Republic of Amalfi. They established a hospital in Jerusalem dedicated to Saint John the Baptist to care for pilgrims. With the rise of the Crusader states, the order expanded its role from merely hospitaller to a military one, defending the Christian territories in the Holy Land.
Relocation to Rhodes
Following the fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the order moved to the island of Rhodes in 1309. Here, they established a sovereign state and built a formidable naval fleet, which they used to protect Christian shipping routes in the Mediterranean. The Knights of Rhodes, as they were known during this period, became a significant maritime power, engaging in battles against the Ottoman Empire and other adversaries.
Establishment in Malta
In 1530, after losing Rhodes to the Ottomans, the order was granted the islands of Malta by Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire. In return, they were to pay an annual tribute of a single Maltese falcon. The knights fortified the islands, transforming them into a bulwark against the Ottomans. Their most notable military achievement during this period was the successful defense of Malta during the Great Siege of 1565.
Decline and Modern Era
The order's power waned over the centuries, culminating in their expulsion from Malta by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1798. The knights were left without a territory until 1834, when they established their headquarters in Rome. Today, the order is a sovereign entity with diplomatic relations with over 100 countries and is primarily focused on humanitarian and medical activities.
Structure and Governance
The Knights of Malta are governed by a Grand Master, who is elected for life by the Council Complete of State. The Grand Master is considered a sovereign subject of international law and holds the rank of a prince of the Holy Roman Empire. The order's governance is divided into three classes: the first class comprises knights who have taken religious vows, the second class includes knights who have made promises of obedience, and the third class consists of lay members who contribute to the order's mission.
Membership
Membership in the order is traditionally reserved for individuals of noble lineage, although this requirement has been relaxed in modern times. Members are expected to adhere to the principles of the Catholic faith and commit to the order's mission of charity and defense of the faith.
Activities and Humanitarian Work
The Knights of Malta are renowned for their extensive humanitarian efforts. They operate hospitals, medical centers, and ambulance services worldwide. The order is involved in disaster relief, refugee assistance, and providing medical care in conflict zones. Their work is guided by the principles of Christian charity and the defense of human dignity.
Medical and Social Services
The order runs numerous medical facilities, including the Holy Family Hospital in Bethlehem and the Order of Malta Clinic in Rome. They provide a wide range of services, from primary healthcare to specialized medical treatments. The order also supports social services, including care for the elderly, disabled, and marginalized communities.
International Presence
The Knights of Malta maintain a global presence, with national associations and relief corps in over 120 countries. They collaborate with governments, international organizations, and other non-governmental organizations to address humanitarian needs and promote peace and stability.
Cultural and Historical Legacy
The Knights of Malta have left a lasting cultural and historical legacy. Their architectural contributions, particularly in Malta, are significant, with the capital city of Valletta being a UNESCO World Heritage site. The order's history is preserved in numerous museums and archives, showcasing their role in shaping the Mediterranean region's history.
Architectural Contributions
The order's architectural legacy includes the construction of fortifications, churches, and palaces. The Co-Cathedral of St. John in Valletta is a prime example of Baroque architecture and houses works by renowned artists such as Caravaggio.
Influence on Chivalry and Knighthood
The Knights of Malta have played a crucial role in the development of the concepts of chivalry and knighthood. Their code of conduct and commitment to defending the faith have influenced various other chivalric orders and continue to inspire modern interpretations of knighthood.