James Madison
Early Life
James Madison Jr. was born on March 16, 1751, in Port Conway, the eldest of twelve children. His father, James Madison Sr., was a tobacco planter and one of the most prominent landowners in Orange County, Virginia. His mother, Nelly Conway, was the daughter of a prominent planter and tobacco merchant. Madison's early education was conducted at home, under the tutelage of private tutors. In 1769, he enrolled at the College of New Jersey, now known as Princeton University.
Political Career
Madison's political career began in earnest in 1776, when he was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates. He quickly became known for his work on the Virginia Declaration of Rights and the state's first constitution. In 1780, Madison was elected to the Continental Congress, where he played a key role in shaping the nation's new government. He was instrumental in drafting and promoting the United States Constitution and the Bill of Rights, earning him the nickname "Father of the Constitution".
Presidency
Madison was elected as the fourth President of the United States in 1808, succeeding Thomas Jefferson. His presidency was marked by the War of 1812 against Britain, which resulted in the burning of Washington D.C., but also the strengthening of American nationalism. Madison's presidency also saw the establishment of the Second Bank of the United States and the admission of several new states to the Union.
Later Life and Legacy
After his presidency, Madison retired to his plantation, Montpelier, in Virginia. He remained active in public life, serving as Rector of the University of Virginia and as an advisor to President Andrew Jackson. Madison died on June 28, 1836. His legacy is marked by his instrumental role in drafting and promoting the U.S. Constitution and the Bill of Rights, as well as his leadership during the War of 1812.