Intersectionality
Introduction
Intersectionality is a theoretical framework that posits that multiple social categories (e.g., race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status) intersect at the micro level of individual experience to reflect multiple interlocking systems of privilege and oppression at the macro, social-structural level (e.g., racism, sexism, heterosexism). The term was coined by Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw in 1989, though the concept can be traced back to the 19th century.
Historical Context
The concept of intersectionality has its roots in the black feminist movement, particularly the work of the Combahee River Collective and their development of the concept of simultaneous oppression. This concept was further developed by Patricia Hill Collins in her discussion of the matrix of domination.
Theory
Intersectionality posits that traditional feminist and anti-racist discourses have failed to capture the lived experiences of women of color because they ignore the intersection of race and gender. It asserts that people are often disadvantaged by multiple sources of oppression: their race, class, gender identity, sexual orientation, religion, and other identity markers. Intersectionality recognizes that identity markers (e.g., “woman” and “black”) do not exist independently of each other, and that each informs the others, often creating a complex convergence of oppression.
Criticisms
Despite its widespread acceptance and use, intersectionality has been criticized on several grounds. Some critics argue that it is too theoretical and lacks a clear-cut definition, making it difficult to apply in practice. Others claim that it promotes a victim mentality and discourages collective action by focusing too much on individual identities.
Impact and Influence
Intersectionality has had a profound impact on feminist and critical race theory, and has influenced a number of fields, including sociology, anthropology, history, and psychology. It has been used as a tool for understanding and addressing inequalities, and has been instrumental in the development of policies and practices aimed at combating systemic oppression.
See Also
