Institutional Racism
Definition and Overview
Institutional racism, also known as systemic racism, is a form of racism that is embedded in the normal practice of social institutions, including government bodies, schools, businesses, and courts of law. It involves discriminatory treatment, unfair policies, or biased practices based on race that result in inequitable outcomes for people of color and are responsible for their exclusion from the rights, privileges, and opportunities of society.
History
The concept of institutional racism was first introduced in the United States during the civil rights movement. Activists Stokely Carmichael and Charles V. Hamilton coined the term in their 1967 book, "Black Power: The Politics of Liberation". They defined it as "the collective failure of an organization to provide an appropriate and professional service to people because of their color, culture, or ethnic origin".
Forms of Institutional Racism
Institutional racism can manifest in various forms across different sectors of society.
In Education
Institutional racism in education can be seen in the disparities in the quality of education received by students of different races. This can be due to factors such as school funding, teacher quality, curriculum biases, and disciplinary policies.
In Healthcare
Institutional racism in healthcare can lead to disparities in the quality of healthcare services provided to individuals of different races. This can result in higher rates of health issues and lower life expectancy among racial minorities.
In Criminal Justice System
The criminal justice system is another area where institutional racism is prevalent. This can be seen in racial profiling, harsher sentencing for people of color, and racial disparities in law enforcement.
In Housing
Institutional racism in housing can result in racial segregation, with people of color often being denied equal access to housing opportunities. This can lead to disparities in wealth and living conditions.
Impact of Institutional Racism
Institutional racism has far-reaching impacts on individuals and communities of color. It can lead to social and economic disparities, health disparities, and a lack of opportunities for upward mobility. It can also perpetuate stereotypes and contribute to social tension.
Addressing Institutional Racism
Addressing institutional racism requires systemic changes in policies and practices across various sectors of society. This can include implementing anti-racist policies, promoting diversity and inclusion, and providing equal opportunities for all individuals, regardless of their race.