Instinct
Introduction
Instinct is an inherent inclination of a living organism towards a particular complex behavior. The simplest example of an instinctive behavior is a fixed action pattern (FAP), in which a very short to medium length sequence of actions, without variation, are carried out in response to a clearly defined stimulus.
Definition and Description
Instincts are inborn complex patterns of behavior that exist in most members of the species, and should be distinguished from reflexes, which are simple responses of an organism to a specific stimulus, such as the contraction of the pupil in response to bright light or the twitch of the knee in response to a strike on the patellar tendon.
Theories of Instinct
There are various theories of instinct that have been proposed over the years. These include the classical ethological theory of instinct, the cognitive theory, the motivational theory, and the evolutionary theory.
Classical Ethological Theory
The classical ethological theory of instinct was proposed by Konrad Lorenz. According to this theory, instincts are the result of evolutionary processes and are shaped by natural selection. This theory also suggests that instincts are triggered by specific stimuli, known as sign stimuli or releasing stimuli.
Cognitive Theory
The cognitive theory of instinct suggests that instincts are not just simple reactions to stimuli, but are complex behaviors that involve learning and decision making. This theory suggests that instincts are not just inborn, but are also shaped by experience.
Motivational Theory
The motivational theory of instinct suggests that instincts are driven by internal states of motivation. According to this theory, an organism's behavior is driven by its needs, such as the need for food, water, or safety.
Evolutionary Theory
The evolutionary theory of instinct suggests that instincts are behaviors that have evolved over time to increase an organism's chances of survival and reproduction. This theory suggests that instincts are shaped by natural selection and are passed down from generation to generation.
Examples of Instinct
There are many examples of instinct in the animal kingdom. These include the instinct to mate, the instinct to hunt, and the instinct to protect one's offspring.
Instinct to Mate
The instinct to mate is a powerful force in the animal kingdom. This instinct drives animals to seek out and mate with members of the opposite sex in order to reproduce and pass on their genes.
Instinct to Hunt
The instinct to hunt is another powerful instinct in the animal kingdom. This instinct drives animals to seek out and kill prey in order to obtain food.
Instinct to Protect
The instinct to protect one's offspring is a powerful instinct in the animal kingdom. This instinct drives animals to defend their offspring from predators and other threats.
Instinct vs. Learning
It is important to distinguish between instinct and learning. While instincts are inborn and fixed, learning involves change and adaptation in response to experience.
Conclusion
In conclusion, instinct is a complex and fascinating aspect of animal behavior. It is shaped by evolutionary processes and plays a crucial role in an organism's survival and reproduction.