Incremental
Introduction
Incrementalism is a method of working by adding to a project using many small incremental changes instead of a few (extensively planned) large jumps. Logical incrementalism implies that the steps in the process are sensible. This approach is most commonly associated with the field of strategic management, but has applications in other areas as well.
Background
The concept of incrementalism was first developed by the American political scientist Charles Lindblom in his 1959 article, "The Science of Muddling Through". In it, Lindblom contrasted incrementalism with what he termed "the rational-comprehensive method" – a method that involves extensive and detailed planning, with each step following logically from the previous one.
Theory
Incrementalism suggests that big strategic decisions are the culmination of smaller decisions made over time. It is an iterative process where changes are made to a system based on feedback and learning from previous iterations. This approach allows for flexibility and adjustments as more information becomes available or circumstances change.
Application in Strategic Management
In strategic management, incrementalism is often contrasted with 'planned' or 'big bang' approaches. The latter involve a comprehensive analysis of the situation, the development of a detailed plan, and then the implementation of the plan in one large step. In contrast, incrementalism involves making smaller changes over time, which are then adjusted as necessary based on feedback and learning.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Like any approach, incrementalism has both advantages and disadvantages. On the positive side, it allows for flexibility and adaptability, as changes can be made and adjusted as necessary. It also tends to be less risky, as smaller changes are less likely to have catastrophic consequences if they go wrong. On the downside, incrementalism can be slower than other approaches, and there is a risk of 'drift' – losing sight of the overall goal while focusing on small changes.
Criticisms
While incrementalism has been widely adopted in many fields, it has also faced criticism. Some argue that it can lead to 'analysis paralysis', where the focus on small changes and constant analysis prevents any significant progress from being made. Others suggest that it can result in a lack of strategic direction, as the focus on incremental changes can distract from the bigger picture.
Conclusion
Despite these criticisms, incrementalism remains a popular approach in many fields. Its emphasis on flexibility and adaptability, combined with its lower risk profile, make it an attractive option for many situations. However, like any approach, it is not without its challenges, and should be used judiciously and in conjunction with other methods where appropriate.