Humanism
Origins and Historical Development
Humanism is a philosophical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively. The term was coined by theologian Friedrich Niethammer at the beginning of the 19th century to refer to a system of education based on the study of classical literature ("classical humanism"). This system was developed in Europe during the Renaissance, with roots in the 14th and 15th centuries, and it was a response to the utilitarian approach promoted by the scholasticism of the Middle AgesScholasticism.
The Renaissance humanists were devoted to the study of ancient Greek and Roman literature. They sought to create a citizenry able to speak and write with eloquence and clarity, thus capable of engaging the civic life of their communities and persuading others to virtuous and prudent actions. This was to be accomplished through the study of the humanities: grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry, and moral philosophy.
Modern Humanism
The development of modern humanism began in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. With the spread of the Enlightenment's ideals, the rise of industrial society, and the spread of democratic ideals, humanism began to acquire a more secular and progressive outlook. In this context, humanism is often associated with secularism and the rejection of religion in favour of a focus on human potential and welfare.
Modern humanism can be categorized into two types: religious humanism and secular humanism. Religious humanism is an integration of humanist ethical philosophy with religious rituals and beliefs that center on human needs, interests, and abilities. Secular humanism posits that human beings are capable of being ethical and moral without religion or a god.
Philosophical Basis
Humanism is grounded in the idea that humans are unique and have inherent worth. This value is not based on an individual's utility, societal status, or any external factors, but rather on the inherent dignity and worth of human life. Humanists believe that it is possible to lead a fulfilling life that contributes to the betterment of humanity without reliance on supernatural or religious beliefs.
Humanists uphold the principles of rational thought and evidence-based thinking. They believe that knowledge and truth are discovered through empirical observation, logical reasoning, and critical thinking, rather than by divine revelation or religious dogma. This commitment to rationalism and science is often associated with a rejection of supernaturalism and superstition.
Ethical Humanism
Ethical humanism, or simply ethics, is a philosophical perspective that advocates for the enhancement of human welfare and the good life for all people, based on reason and humanity. It emphasizes the personal worth of each individual and the importance of human dignity. Ethical humanism is committed to the application of reason and science to understanding the universe and to solving human problems, but it is skeptical of supernaturalism and prescriptive dogma.
Humanism in Literature and Art
Humanism had a significant impact on the development of Western literature and art. The humanist emphasis on the study of classical texts as a guide to understanding life and humanity had a profound impact on the creation of literature and art that reflected human experience and emotion.
In literature, humanism is associated with a shift away from the didactic and formulaic literature of the medieval period towards works that explored human nature, emotion, and experience. In art, humanism contributed to a shift away from religious iconography and towards artwork that depicted humans and the natural world in a realistic way.
Criticism and Controversy
Like any philosophical stance, humanism has been subject to criticism and controversy. Some critics argue that humanism is overly optimistic about human nature and the human capacity for reason. Others argue that humanism's focus on individuality and personal fulfillment can lead to selfishness and a lack of concern for the collective good.
Despite these criticisms, humanism has had a profound impact on Western society and culture. It has shaped our understanding of the individual, our approach to ethics and morality, and our conception of society and the wider world.