HIV/AIDS
Introduction
HIV/AIDS is a global pandemic that has claimed millions of lives since its discovery in the early 1980s. It is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) which attacks the immune system, leading to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), a condition where the immune system is so severely damaged it can no longer fight off infections and diseases.
Etiology
HIV is a retrovirus that primarily infects components of the human immune system such as CD4+ T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. It directly and indirectly destroys CD4+ T cells, which are required for the regulation of the immune response.
Transmission
HIV can be transmitted via the exchange of a variety of body fluids from infected individuals, such as blood, breast milk, semen and vaginal secretions. Individuals cannot become infected through ordinary day-to-day contact such as kissing, hugging, shaking hands, or sharing personal objects, food or water.
Pathophysiology
HIV is a member of the genus Lentivirus, part of the family Retroviridae. Lentiviruses have many morphologies and biological properties in common. Many species are infected by lentiviruses, which are characteristically responsible for long-duration illnesses with a long incubation period.
Diagnosis
HIV/AIDS is diagnosed via several different tests: HIV antibody testing, HIV antigen (p24) testing, Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing, and Rapid diagnostic tests (RDT). These tests are used to detect the presence of the HIV antigen or antibodies to the virus.
Prevention
Prevention of HIV infection, primarily through safe sex practices and needle-exchange programs, is a key strategy to control the spread of the disease. The use of antiretroviral treatment can also reduce the risk of transmission.
Treatment
HIV/AIDS has no cure, but it can be managed with antiretroviral therapy (ART). The treatment helps to keep the virus in check by reducing the viral load, improving the quality of life of those living with the virus, and reducing the risk of transmission.
Epidemiology
HIV/AIDS is a global pandemic, affecting all regions of the world. Sub-Saharan Africa is the most affected region, with approximately 70% of all people living with HIV globally residing in this region.
Impact
The impact of HIV/AIDS extends beyond those who are infected. It affects households, communities, and the development and economic growth of nations. Many of the countries hardest hit by HIV/AIDS are also severely affected by other infectious diseases, food insecurity, and other serious problems.