Grand Canal (China)
Overview
The Grand Canal, also known as the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, is the longest canal or artificial river in the world. Originating in Beijing, it ends in the city of Hangzhou, linking the Yellow River and Yangtze River. The oldest parts of the canal date back to the 5th century BC, although the various sections were finally combined during the Sui dynasty (581–618 AD).
History
The Grand Canal was constructed in sections from the 5th century BC onwards. It was conceived as a means of transporting grain from the agriculturally rich Yangtze and Huai river valleys to the less fertile regions of the north, particularly the capital city. The canal enabled the transport of surplus grain to feed the population in the north and to supply the armies.
Construction
The earliest parts of the Grand Canal were built by the State of Wu during the Spring and Autumn period (770–476 BC) for the purpose of transporting grain. The canal was extended during the Warring States period (475–221 BC) by the State of Qi in order to transport troops. The canal was finally completed during the Sui dynasty under Emperor Yang, who used forced labor to connect the various sections into one continuous waterway.
Evolution
Over the centuries, the Grand Canal's importance as a trade route grew. During the Tang (618–907 AD) and Song (960–1279 AD) dynasties, the canal facilitated the growth of new cities and the development of trade, contributing to the prosperity of the period. The canal underwent major renovations during the Yuan (1271–1368 AD) and Ming (1368–1644 AD) dynasties to improve its navigability and to expand its reach.
Geography
The Grand Canal runs from Beijing in the north to Hangzhou in the south, covering a distance of approximately 1,776 kilometers. It passes through several provinces, including Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang. The canal connects several major rivers, including the Yellow River, the Huai River, and the Yangtze River.
Structure and Features
The Grand Canal is not a single continuous waterway but a series of waterways, lakes, and reservoirs, linked by a number of locks and weirs. The canal includes numerous historical sites and scenic spots, including ancient bridges, temples, and pagodas.
Locks and Weirs
The Grand Canal has numerous locks and weirs that control the flow of water and allow vessels to move between different levels of the canal. The locks were originally built using wood, but most have been replaced with modern concrete structures.
Bridges
The Grand Canal is crossed by numerous bridges, many of which are of historical significance. These include the Gongchen Bridge in Hangzhou, the oldest and most famous stone arch bridge on the canal.
Current Use
Today, the Grand Canal continues to serve as a major transportation route. It is used for the transport of goods such as coal, building materials, and agricultural products. The canal is also a popular tourist destination, with boat tours offering visitors the chance to experience the scenic beauty and historical sites along its length.
Cultural Significance
The Grand Canal has played a significant role in the cultural and economic development of China. It has influenced Chinese literature, art, and music, and has been the subject of numerous poems, paintings, and songs. In 2014, the Grand Canal was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, in recognition of its historical and cultural significance.