Gettysburg National Cemetery
History and Establishment
The Gettysburg National Cemetery is a historic burial ground located in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, established to honor the Union soldiers who perished during the Battle of Gettysburg, a pivotal conflict in the American Civil War. The cemetery was officially dedicated on November 19, 1863, a date marked by President Abraham Lincoln's delivery of the Gettysburg Address, a speech that has since become one of the most famous orations in American history. The cemetery was conceived as a response to the overwhelming number of casualties resulting from the three-day battle, which took place from July 1 to July 3, 1863.
The idea for the cemetery was proposed by Pennsylvania Governor Andrew Curtin, who recognized the need for a proper burial site for the Union soldiers who had died in the battle. The land for the cemetery, approximately 17 acres, was purchased from local residents David Wills and David McConaughy. The design of the cemetery was entrusted to landscape architect William Saunders, who planned the grounds in a semicircular pattern, with graves arranged in concentric arcs.
Design and Layout
The layout of Gettysburg National Cemetery is notable for its thoughtful design, which reflects the solemn purpose of the site. Saunders' design features a central monument, known as the Soldiers' National Monument, which serves as the focal point of the cemetery. The monument is surrounded by sections designated for the burial of soldiers from different states, with each section containing rows of identical white marble headstones. This arrangement symbolizes the unity and equality of the soldiers who fought and died together, regardless of their state of origin.
The cemetery is divided into several sections, each representing a different state or group of states. The headstones are marked with the name, rank, and unit of the deceased, where known. In cases where the identity of the soldier was unknown, the headstone is inscribed with the word "Unknown." The cemetery also includes a section for the burial of soldiers from the Confederate States of America, although these burials were not part of the original design.
The Gettysburg Address
The dedication of Gettysburg National Cemetery is inextricably linked to President Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, delivered during the dedication ceremony. Lincoln's speech, though brief, eloquently expressed the principles of human equality espoused by the Declaration of Independence and redefined the Civil War as a struggle not just for the Union, but for the principle of freedom and equality. The address is considered a turning point in American history, emphasizing the importance of national unity and the sacrifices made by the soldiers who fought at Gettysburg.
Preservation and Maintenance
Gettysburg National Cemetery is maintained by the National Park Service, which is responsible for preserving the historic integrity of the site. The cemetery is part of the larger Gettysburg National Military Park, which encompasses the battlefield and other related sites. Preservation efforts include maintaining the headstones, monuments, and landscape, as well as providing educational programs and resources for visitors.
The cemetery is open to the public year-round, and visitors can explore the grounds on foot or participate in guided tours. The National Park Service also hosts special events and ceremonies, particularly on Memorial Day and the anniversary of the Gettysburg Address, to honor the soldiers buried there and to educate the public about the historical significance of the site.
Cultural and Historical Significance
Gettysburg National Cemetery holds a significant place in American history and culture. It serves as a symbol of the sacrifices made by Union soldiers during the Civil War and as a reminder of the cost of war. The cemetery is also a testament to the efforts of individuals and communities to honor and remember those who gave their lives in service to their country.
The cemetery has been the subject of numerous studies and publications, exploring its historical, cultural, and architectural significance. It is also a popular destination for historians, educators, and tourists, who visit the site to pay their respects and to learn more about the events that took place at Gettysburg.