Genome Editing
Introduction
Genome editing, or gene editing, is a type of genetic engineering in which DNA is inserted, deleted, modified, or replaced in the genome of a living organism. Unlike early genetic engineering techniques that randomly inserts genetic material into a host genome, genome editing targets the insertions to site-specific locations. This is achieved using various nucleases such as ZFN, TALEN, and CRISPR-Cas9.
Techniques
There are several techniques used in genome editing, each with its own advantages and limitations. These include Zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALENs), and Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR-Cas9).
Zinc Finger Nucleases
ZFNs are artificial restriction enzymes generated by fusing a zinc finger DNA-binding domain to a DNA-cleavage domain. Zinc finger domains can be engineered to target specific DNA sequences which allows for the design of custom ZFNs that can target almost any genomic locus.
Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases
TALENs are similar to ZFNs but utilize a different DNA-binding domain. TALENs can also be engineered to target specific DNA sequences, making them another powerful tool for genome editing.
CRISPR-Cas9
CRISPR-Cas9 is currently the most widely used genome editing technique. It is a simple yet powerful tool for editing genomes. It allows researchers to easily alter DNA sequences and modify gene function. Its many potential applications include correcting genetic defects, treating and preventing the spread of diseases and improving crops.
Applications
Genome editing has a wide range of applications in many fields. These include research, biotechnology, and medicine.
Research
In research, genome editing is used to alter the DNA in model organisms to study the function of a particular gene. This can help to understand diseases and to develop and test new treatments.
Biotechnology
In biotechnology, genome editing is used to create genetically modified crops or animals. It is also used in the production of pharmaceutical drugs.
Medicine
In medicine, genome editing is used in gene therapy, which involves the transplantation of normal genes into cells in place of missing or defective ones in order to correct genetic disorders.
Ethical and Social Considerations
Genome editing raises many ethical and social issues. These include concerns about safety, the ethics of altering the human germline, and issues of access and equity.
See Also
References
- Genome Editing in Clinical Genetics: Points to Consider—A Statement of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG). ACMG Board of Directors. Genetics in Medicine. 2017.
- Genome Editing: An Ethical Review. Nuffield Council on Bioethics. 2016.