Free and open-source software
Overview
Free and open-source software (FOSS) is a type of software that is both free software and open-source software. This means that anyone is freely licensed to use, copy, study, and change the software in any way, and the source code is openly shared so that people are encouraged to voluntarily improve the design of the software. This is in contrast to proprietary software, where the software is under restrictive copyright and the source code is usually hidden from the users.
History
The free and open-source software movement traces its roots back to the hacker culture of the 1970s and 1980s. The ethos of this early computing community was one of collaboration and sharing, as epitomized by the phrase, "Information wants to be free". This ethos was in stark contrast to the proprietary software model, which was seen as inhibiting innovation by restricting access to source code.
Characteristics
FOSS programs are those that have licenses that allow users to freely run the program for any purpose, modify the program as they want, and also to freely distribute copies of either the original version or their own modified version.
Licensing
FOSS licenses grant the right of users to use, study, change, and distribute the software and its source code. There are several types of FOSS licenses, each with its own set of terms and conditions. Some of the most common FOSS licenses include the GNU General Public License (GPL), the MIT License, and the Apache License.
Impact and Adoption
FOSS has had a significant impact on the world of software development. It has been instrumental in the development of the Internet and the World Wide Web, the Linux operating system, the Apache web server, the MySQL database, and many other key technological infrastructure components.
Challenges
Despite its many benefits, FOSS also faces a number of challenges. These include issues related to licensing, intellectual property, funding, and sustainability.