Five Civilized Tribes
Introduction
The term "Five Civilized Tribes" refers to five Native American nations: the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek (Muscogee), and Seminole. These tribes were considered "civilized" by Anglo-European settlers during the colonial and early federal period because they adopted many of the colonists' customs and had generally good relations with their neighbors. This article delves into the history, culture, and significant events that shaped these tribes, providing a comprehensive understanding of their roles and transformations over time.
Historical Background
Pre-Colonial Era
Before European contact, the Five Civilized Tribes inhabited the southeastern United States. Each tribe had its own distinct language, culture, and societal structure. The Cherokee were known for their matrilineal society and clan system, while the Chickasaw were renowned warriors and traders. The Choctaw were agriculturists, and the Creek (Muscogee) had a complex confederacy of towns. The Seminole emerged later, primarily from Creek groups and other Native American peoples who migrated to Florida.
European Contact and Early Relations
The arrival of European settlers in the 16th and 17th centuries brought significant changes. The tribes engaged in trade with the Europeans, exchanging goods like deerskins and furs for metal tools, firearms, and other European goods. This period also marked the beginning of cultural exchanges and adaptations. The tribes began to incorporate European agricultural practices, legal systems, and even Christianity into their societies.
Cultural Adaptations and Assimilation
Adoption of European Practices
The Five Civilized Tribes were among the first to adopt European-style farming, education, and governance. The Cherokee, for instance, developed a written language and established a constitution modeled after the United States. The Choctaw and Chickasaw also adopted centralized governments and legal codes. These adaptations were partly strategic, aimed at preserving their lands and autonomy in the face of increasing pressure from settlers.
Education and Religion
Missionaries played a significant role in the education and religious conversion of these tribes. Schools were established, teaching not only literacy but also European customs and Christianity. The Cherokee Phoenix, the first Native American newspaper, was published in both Cherokee and English, symbolizing the fusion of traditional and new ways.
The Trail of Tears and Forced Relocation
Indian Removal Act of 1830
The Indian Removal Act, signed by President Andrew Jackson in 1830, authorized the forced relocation of Native American tribes living east of the Mississippi River to lands west of the river. This policy was justified under the guise of protecting Native American culture from extinction due to encroaching settlers.
Impact on the Five Civilized Tribes
The removal process, known as the Trail of Tears, was devastating. Thousands of Native Americans were forcibly moved, suffering from exposure, disease, and starvation. The Cherokee were particularly affected, with an estimated 4,000 of their 16,000 members perishing during the journey. The Choctaw were the first to be removed, and their journey set a grim precedent for the others.
Post-Removal Era and Reconstruction
Resettlement in Indian Territory
Upon arrival in what is now Oklahoma, the tribes faced the challenge of rebuilding their societies. They established new towns, schools, and governments, drawing on their previous experiences and adaptations. Despite the hardships, they managed to re-establish a semblance of their former lives, maintaining cultural practices and governance structures.
Civil War and Its Aftermath
The American Civil War further complicated the situation. The Five Civilized Tribes were divided in their allegiances, with some supporting the Confederacy and others the Union. This division led to internal conflicts and further displacement. After the war, the tribes faced additional pressures from the U.S. government, including forced land cessions and the imposition of new treaties.
Modern Developments and Cultural Revival
20th Century Challenges and Achievements
Throughout the 20th century, the Five Civilized Tribes faced numerous challenges, including assimilation policies and loss of lands. However, they also achieved significant milestones, such as the establishment of tribal colleges and the revival of traditional crafts and languages. The Cherokee Nation, for instance, has been instrumental in promoting cultural heritage and economic development.
Contemporary Issues and Sovereignty
Today, the Five Civilized Tribes continue to navigate complex issues related to sovereignty, land rights, and cultural preservation. They have established strong tribal governments and are active in political advocacy, both at the state and federal levels. Economic ventures, such as gaming and tourism, have provided new opportunities for growth and self-sufficiency.
Conclusion
The history of the Five Civilized Tribes is a testament to their resilience and adaptability. Despite facing numerous adversities, they have managed to preserve their cultural identities and continue to play a vital role in the cultural and political landscape of the United States. Their story is one of survival, adaptation, and the ongoing struggle for recognition and rights.