Federal Bureau of Investigation
History
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States. It functions as the nation's prime federal law enforcement agency. Originating from a force of special agents created in 1908 by Attorney General Charles Bonaparte during the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt, the Bureau was renamed the Federal Bureau of Investigation in 1935.
The FBI's mission, as stated in its motto, is "to protect and defend the United States against terrorist and foreign intelligence threats, uphold and enforce the criminal laws of the United States, and provide leadership and criminal justice services to federal, state, municipal, and international agencies and partners."
Organization and Structure
The FBI is a component of the U.S. Department of Justice, and its director is appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. The FBI is organized into functional branches and the Office of the Director, which contains most administrative offices. An executive assistant director manages each branch. Each branch is then divided into offices and divisions, each headed by an assistant director. The various divisions are further divided into sub-branches, led by deputy assistant directors.
Jurisdiction and Responsibilities
The FBI has jurisdiction over violations of more than 200 categories of federal crimes, including but not limited to terrorism, cybercrime, white-collar crime, public corruption, civil rights violations, organized crime, violent crime, and major thefts. The FBI also provides a number of services to local and state law enforcement agencies, and its field offices maintain liaisons with the United Nations, Interpol, and other international law enforcement agencies.
Investigative Technologies
The FBI employs various technologies in its investigations, such as the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS), the Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS), and the National Crime Information Center (NCIC). These systems are used to track and identify criminals and criminal activity.
Controversies and Criticisms
Throughout its history, the FBI has been the subject of numerous controversies and criticisms, often related to its handling of investigations, its surveillance activities, and its prioritization of national security over civil liberties. These controversies have led to reforms within the agency and changes in U.S. law.