European shag
Taxonomy and Etymology
The European shag or common shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) is a species of cormorant|cormorant. It is a medium-to-large bird that is part of the family Phalacrocoracidae. The scientific name of the species, Phalacrocorax aristotelis, was given by Carl Linnaeus in 1761. The genus name 'Phalacrocorax' originates from the Greek words 'phalakros' meaning bald and 'korax' meaning raven, while 'aristotelis' is a tribute to the ancient Greek philosopher, Aristotle|Aristotle, who made early recordings of different bird species.
Description and Identification
The European shag is distinguished by its dark plumage, long, thin bill, and a distinctive crest during the breeding season. Adult shags have a glossy green-black plumage and a yellow-orange gape. They measure between 68 to 78 cm in length and have a wingspan of 95 to 110 cm. The body mass of these birds can range from 1.3 to 2.6 kg. The European shag's eyes are an intense green, a characteristic feature of this species.
Distribution and Habitat
The European shag is a marine species that is found across the coasts of western and southern Europe, the Mediterranean, and the Black Sea. They are typically found in rocky coastal areas, where they breed on cliffs and in caves. The species is sedentary for the most part, with only the younger birds dispersing over a wider area.
Behaviour and Ecology
European shags are social birds, often seen in large flocks. They feed primarily on fish, which they catch with their sharp beaks after diving from the surface of the water. These birds are excellent divers, capable of reaching depths of up to 45 meters and staying underwater for up to 53 seconds.
During the breeding season, European shags display a range of behaviours including courtship displays, nest building, and territorial disputes. They lay two to three eggs, which are incubated for about a month. The chicks fledge after about 53 days.
Conservation Status
The European shag is currently listed as 'Least Concern' on the IUCN Red List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. However, threats to the species include pollution, habitat loss, and overfishing which reduces their food supply.