Drug addiction
Introduction
Drug addiction, also known as substance use disorder, is a chronic, relapsing disorder characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use despite harmful consequences. It is considered a brain disorder, as it involves functional changes to brain circuits involved in reward, stress, and self-control. Those changes may last a long time after a person has stopped taking drugs.
Understanding Drug Addiction
Drug addiction is a complex condition, a brain disease that is manifested by compulsive substance use despite harmful consequence. People with addiction (severe substance use disorder) have an intense focus on using a certain substance(s), such as alcohol or drugs, to the point that it takes over their life.
Brain Changes
Addiction is a disease that affects both the brain and behavior. Drugs affect the brain’s reward system by producing an excess of dopamine, a chemical responsible for pleasurable feelings. Over time, the brain adjusts to the excess dopamine, which reduces the high that the person feels compared to the high they felt when first taking the drug—an effect known as tolerance. They might take more of the drug, trying to achieve the same dopamine high. This can be a dangerous cycle.
Risk Factors
Several factors can contribute to the risk of drug addiction, including genetics, environment, and age of first use. Certain environmental factors, such as family dynamics, exposure to drugs, and socioeconomic status, can significantly influence the likelihood of drug use and addiction. Genetic factors account for about half of a person's susceptibility to addiction, with environmental factors accounting for the remainder.
Types of Drugs
There are several types of drugs that can lead to addiction. These include, but are not limited to, opioids, stimulants, hallucinogens, and cannabis. Each of these drugs has different effects on the body and can lead to different symptoms of addiction.
Symptoms and Diagnosis
The symptoms of drug addiction can vary widely depending on the type of drug used, the duration of use, and the individual's overall health. Common symptoms can include intense cravings for the drug, withdrawal symptoms when not using the drug, and continued use despite negative consequences. Diagnosis typically involves a comprehensive evaluation, including a physical exam, mental health assessment, and review of the individual's drug use history.
Treatment
Treatment for drug addiction typically involves a combination of medication and behavioral therapies. Medication can help manage withdrawal symptoms, reduce cravings, and restore normal brain function. Behavioral therapies can help individuals modify their attitudes and behaviors related to drug use, increase healthy life skills, and persist with other forms of treatment, such as medication.
Prevention
Prevention programs involving families, schools, communities, and the media are effective in reducing drug abuse. Although many events and cultural factors affect drug abuse trends, when youths perceive drug abuse as harmful, they reduce their drug taking.