Dolmen

Introduction

A dolmen, also known as a portal tomb, portal grave, or quoit, is a type of single-chamber megalithic tomb, usually consisting of two or more vertical megaliths supporting a large flat horizontal capstone (table). Most date from the early Neolithic (4000–3000 BCE) and were sometimes covered with earth or smaller stones to form a tumulus. In many instances, that covering has weathered away, leaving only the stone "skeleton" of the burial mound intact.

Etymology and Terminology

The term "dolmen" is derived from the Breton words "taol" (table) and "maen" (stone), meaning "stone table." This term was first used in the 19th century and has since been adopted in various languages. The term "portal tomb" is more commonly used in Ireland, while "quoit" is used in Cornwall.

Historical Context

Dolmens are among the earliest forms of monumental architecture, predating the pyramids of Egypt. They are found in various parts of the world, including Europe, Asia, and Africa. The construction of dolmens is generally attributed to the Neolithic period, a time characterized by the development of agriculture and the establishment of permanent settlements.

Construction Techniques

The construction of dolmens required significant technical skill and social organization. The stones used in dolmens are often massive, weighing several tons. The process likely involved the transportation of these stones from quarries, their precise placement, and the erection of the capstone. Various theories suggest the use of wooden rollers, sledges, and earthen ramps to move and position the stones.

Geographic Distribution

Dolmens are found in various regions across the globe. Some of the most notable concentrations are in Western Europe, particularly in Ireland, the United Kingdom, France, and Spain. They are also found in the Middle East, Korea, and India. Each region has its own unique styles and variations, reflecting local customs and traditions.

Function and Significance

Dolmens are generally believed to have served as burial chambers. Archaeological excavations have revealed human remains, pottery, tools, and other artifacts within these structures. The exact purpose and significance of dolmens remain subjects of scholarly debate. Some theories suggest they were used for ritualistic purposes, while others propose they served as territorial markers or symbols of social status.

Archaeological Findings

Archaeological excavations of dolmens have provided valuable insights into Neolithic societies. Human remains found within dolmens have been analyzed to determine age, sex, health, and diet. Artifacts such as pottery, tools, and ornaments offer clues about the daily lives and cultural practices of the people who built and used these structures.

Cultural Interpretations

Dolmens have been the subject of various cultural interpretations and myths. In many cultures, they are associated with ancient ancestors or supernatural beings. In Ireland, for example, dolmens are often referred to as "Diarmuid and Gráinne's beds," linking them to a famous legend. In Korea, dolmens are considered to be the tombs of ancient kings and chieftains.

Preservation and Conservation

Many dolmens are now protected as cultural heritage sites. Efforts to preserve these ancient structures include legal protection, conservation projects, and public education initiatives. However, dolmens face threats from natural weathering, vandalism, and development projects.

Notable Examples

Some of the most famous dolmens include:

**Poulnabrone Dolmen** in Ireland, a well-preserved portal tomb dating to the Neolithic period.
**Dolmen de Menga** in Spain, one of the largest dolmens in Europe.
**Ganghwa Dolmen** in South Korea, part of a UNESCO World Heritage site.

References

No references available.