Dehydration
Introduction
Dehydration, a condition that occurs when the loss of body fluids, primarily water, exceeds the amount that is taken in, is a common but potentially dangerous condition. With dehydration, more water is moving out of individual cells and then out of the body than the amount of water that is taken in through drinking.
Causes of Dehydration
Dehydration is typically caused by a significant reduction in water intake, excessive sweating, or an increased output of urine. The latter can be a result of diabetes, the use of diuretics, or an increased intake of caffeine or alcohol. Other causes can include vomiting, diarrhea, and increased urination due to infection.
Symptoms of Dehydration
The symptoms of dehydration can vary depending on the severity of the condition. Mild to moderate dehydration may include dry mouth, fatigue, thirst, decreased urine output, dry skin, headache, constipation, and dizziness. Severe dehydration, a medical emergency, can include extreme thirst, extreme fussiness or sleepiness in infants and children, irritability and confusion in adults, very dry mouth, skin and mucous membranes, lack of sweating, little or no urination, sunken eyes, shriveled and dry skin, low blood pressure, rapid heartbeat, fever, and in the most serious cases, delirium or unconsciousness.
Risk Factors for Dehydration
Certain groups of people are more at risk for dehydration than others. These include the elderly, infants and children, people with chronic illnesses such as diabetes, and those who work or exercise outside in hot and humid weather.
Diagnosis of Dehydration
Dehydration is typically diagnosed based on physical symptoms such as dry mouth, decreased urine output, and feeling lightheaded when standing. In some cases, blood tests may be used to check for electrolyte imbalances and kidney function tests may be used to determine if the kidneys are functioning properly.
Treatment of Dehydration
The treatment for dehydration is to replace lost fluids and lost electrolytes. The best approach to dehydration treatment depends on age, the severity of dehydration and its cause. For most people, drinking water and eating foods high in water content can help prevent and treat mild to moderate dehydration. Severe dehydration may require intravenous fluids and hospitalization.
Prevention of Dehydration
Prevention of dehydration involves ensuring adequate fluid intake, especially during times of high heat and humidity, during illness, and during exercise. It is important to start hydrating before physical activity, replace fluids and electrolytes during physical activity, and continue hydration after physical activity.