Declaration of Arbroath
Introduction
The Declaration of Arbroath is a significant historical document drafted in 1320, during the reign of King Robert I of Scotland, commonly known as Robert the Bruce. This declaration is a letter submitted to Pope John XXII, asserting Scotland's status as an independent, sovereign state and defending Scotland's right to use military force when unjustly attacked. It is widely regarded as one of the most eloquent expressions of a nation's right to self-determination and has been influential in the development of constitutional thought.
Historical Context
The Declaration of Arbroath was composed during a turbulent period in Scottish history, marked by the Wars of Scottish Independence, which began in 1296. The conflict was primarily a struggle for Scotland's sovereignty against English attempts to assert dominance. The backdrop to the declaration was the ongoing struggle between Scotland and England, particularly following the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, where Robert the Bruce achieved a significant victory against the English forces led by King Edward II.
The declaration was drafted at Arbroath Abbey, a significant religious and cultural center in medieval Scotland. The abbey was a fitting location for the drafting of such a document, given its association with the Scottish monarchy and its role as a symbol of Scottish identity.
Content and Structure
The Declaration of Arbroath is structured as a formal letter addressed to Pope John XXII. It is written in Latin, the diplomatic language of the time, and consists of several key components:
Opening Address
The declaration begins with an address to the Pope, acknowledging his spiritual authority and expressing the Scottish nobles' desire for peace and justice. This opening sets the tone for the document, emphasizing the Scots' respect for the papacy while asserting their grievances.
Historical Justification
The document provides a historical account of Scotland's ancient independence, tracing its lineage back to the legendary figure of Scota, the daughter of an Egyptian Pharaoh, and the subsequent settlement of the Scots in the British Isles. This section serves to establish Scotland's long-standing sovereignty and the legitimacy of its claim to independence.
Assertion of Sovereignty
The core of the declaration is its assertion of Scotland's sovereignty and the right to self-determination. It famously states that the Scots will never submit to English rule, declaring that they would choose death over subjugation. The declaration emphasizes that the Scottish king's authority is contingent upon his defense of the nation's independence, reflecting a proto-constitutional principle that the ruler's legitimacy is derived from the will of the people.
Appeal for Papal Support
The declaration concludes with an appeal to the Pope to recognize Scotland's independence and to intervene in the conflict with England. It requests the Pope's support in lifting the excommunication of Robert the Bruce and in persuading the English to cease their aggression.
Significance and Legacy
The Declaration of Arbroath is considered a landmark document in the history of political thought. Its assertion of a nation's right to self-determination and the conditional nature of monarchical authority were revolutionary concepts in the medieval period. The declaration has been seen as a precursor to later constitutional documents, such as the Magna Carta and the United States Declaration of Independence.
Influence on Scottish Identity
The declaration has played a crucial role in shaping Scottish national identity. It is celebrated annually on April 6th, known as Tartan Day, which commemorates Scottish heritage and the contributions of Scottish-Americans to the United States. The document's emphasis on freedom and resistance against oppression resonates strongly with the Scottish people and has been a source of inspiration in various independence movements throughout history.
Modern Interpretations
In contemporary times, the Declaration of Arbroath is often cited in discussions about Scottish independence and autonomy. It is viewed as a symbol of Scotland's enduring struggle for self-governance and its distinct cultural identity within the United Kingdom. The document's principles continue to influence debates on constitutional reform and the relationship between Scotland and the rest of the UK.
Preservation and Study
The original Declaration of Arbroath is preserved in the National Records of Scotland, where it is carefully maintained to ensure its longevity. Scholars and historians continue to study the document, analyzing its language, context, and impact on subsequent political developments. The declaration remains a subject of academic interest, with ongoing research exploring its significance in medieval diplomacy and its influence on later constitutional thought.