Cultural Relativism
Introduction
Cultural relativism is a concept that deals with the understanding of a particular culture within its own context. It is an approach to understanding culture that emphasizes the internal logic and coherence of cultural systems, rather than assessing them using the values of another culture. The term was first put forth by anthropologist Franz Boas in the early 20th century. Cultural relativism is closely related to, but distinct from, moral relativism.
History and Development
The concept of cultural relativism has its roots in the early work of anthropologists such as Franz Boas and his students, including Ruth Benedict and Margaret Mead. They argued against the then-dominant idea of cultural evolution, which posited a linear progression of cultures from "primitive" to "advanced". Instead, they suggested that each culture is a unique configuration of beliefs, practices, and social structures, and should be understood on its own terms.
Principles of Cultural Relativism
Cultural relativism is based on a few key principles. The first is the idea that no culture is superior to any other. This means that all cultures are equal and that no culture has the right to judge another. The second principle is that a person's beliefs and activities should be interpreted in the context of their own culture. This means that what is considered normal in one culture may be considered abnormal in another.
Cultural Relativism and Anthropology
In anthropology, cultural relativism serves as a methodological tool, allowing researchers to study cultures without imposing their own cultural biases. It encourages anthropologists to suspend their own cultural assumptions in order to better understand and interpret the meanings that people ascribe to their actions within their cultural context. This approach has been crucial in the development of ethnographic fieldwork, a key method in anthropological research.
Criticisms of Cultural Relativism
Despite its importance in anthropology, cultural relativism has been subject to numerous criticisms. Some argue that it can lead to a form of moral relativism, where all cultural practices are seen as equally valid, potentially excusing harmful practices. Others argue that it can lead to a form of cultural determinism, where individuals are seen as entirely shaped by their culture, ignoring the role of individual agency and cross-cultural variation.
Cultural Relativism in Other Disciplines
Cultural relativism has also been influential in other disciplines, including sociology, psychology, and philosophy. In sociology, it has informed the study of social institutions and the development of theories of socialization. In psychology, it has shaped approaches to cross-cultural psychology and the study of cultural influences on behavior. In philosophy, it has contributed to debates on moral relativism and the nature of ethical truth.