Coronavirus pandemic
Introduction
The Coronavirus pandemic refers to the global outbreak of the novel COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus was first identified in December 2019 in the city of Wuhan, Hubei province, China. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on 30 January 2020, and a pandemic on 11 March 2020.
Epidemiology
COVID-19 spreads primarily through droplets from coughs or sneezes of infected individuals. It may also spread by touching a contaminated surface and then touching the face. The virus can survive on surfaces for up to 72 hours. It is most contagious during the first three days after the onset of symptoms, although spread may be possible before symptoms appear and in later stages of the disease.
Clinical Features
The symptoms of COVID-19 are non-specific and the disease presentation can range from no symptoms (asymptomatic) to severe pneumonia and death. As of March 2020, the predominant symptoms in patients admitted to hospital are fever, cough, and fatigue. Other symptoms include respiratory symptoms, loss of sense of smell and taste, and gastrointestinal symptoms.
Prevention and Control
Preventive measures to reduce the chances of infection include staying at home, wearing a mask in public, avoiding crowded places, keeping distance from others, ventilating indoor spaces, washing hands with soap and water often and for at least 20 seconds, practicing good respiratory hygiene, and avoiding touching the eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands.
Impact
The pandemic has caused global social and economic disruption, including the largest global recession since the Great Depression. It has led to the postponement or cancellation of sporting, religious, and cultural events, widespread supply shortages exacerbated by panic buying, and decreased emissions of pollutants and greenhouse gases. Many educational institutions and public areas have been partially or fully closed.