Coronary artery disease
Overview
Coronary artery disease (CAD), also known as ischemic heart disease (IHD), involves the reduction of blood flow to the heart muscle due to build-up of plaque in the arteries of the heart. It is one of the most common types of cardiovascular diseases.
Causes
The primary cause of CAD is atherosclerosis, a process where plaque builds up in the walls of the arteries. This plaque is made up of cholesterol deposits, which can accumulate in the arteries over time. Other factors that can contribute to the development of CAD include smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, and a family history of heart disease.
Symptoms
The most common symptom of CAD is angina, which is characterized by discomfort or pain in the chest. Other symptoms can include shortness of breath, fatigue, weakness, dizziness, and nausea. In some cases, CAD may be asymptomatic until a heart attack occurs.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of CAD typically involves a combination of a physical examination, patient history, and a variety of tests. These tests can include an electrocardiogram (ECG), stress testing, coronary angiography, and cardiac CT scan.
Treatment
Treatment for CAD typically involves lifestyle changes, medication, and in some cases, surgery. Lifestyle changes can include quitting smoking, eating a healthy diet, regular exercise, and maintaining a healthy weight. Medications can include aspirin, beta blockers, statins, and ACE inhibitors. Surgical procedures can include coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).
Prognosis
With appropriate treatment and lifestyle changes, individuals with CAD can lead a normal life. However, CAD is a chronic disease and requires ongoing medical care.
Prevention
Prevention of CAD primarily involves leading a healthy lifestyle. This includes regular exercise, a healthy diet, maintaining a healthy weight, not smoking, and controlling conditions like high blood pressure and diabetes.
Epidemiology
CAD is a leading cause of death worldwide. It is more common in men than women, and the risk increases with age.
History
The understanding and treatment of CAD has evolved significantly over the past century. Early treatments involved rest and nitroglycerin. The first coronary artery bypass surgery was performed in the 1960s, and since then, treatments have continued to advance.