Conspiracy theory
Definition and Characteristics
A conspiracy theory is a belief or explanation of an event or situation that invokes a conspiracy, generally one involving an illegal or harmful act carried out by government or other powerful actors. Conspiracy theories often produce hypotheses that contradict the prevailing understanding of history or simple facts. The term is often derogatory, implying that the appeal to a conspiracy is based on prejudice or insufficient evidence^1.
Conspiracy theories resist falsification and are reinforced by circular reasoning: both evidence against the conspiracy and an absence of evidence for it are re-interpreted as evidence of its truth^2. In this way, the conspiracy becomes a matter of faith rather than proof^3.
History
The term "conspiracy theory" was first used in the early 20th century to describe any new historical account which challenged the accepted version of events. However, it has since evolved to refer more specifically to explanations that invoke conspiracies^4.
Types of Conspiracy Theories
Conspiracy theories can be classified into several types. Some of the most common types include:
1. Event Conspiracy Theories: These theories propose that some event, such as the 9/11 attacks, was the result of a conspiracy rather than the actions of individuals or chance.
2. Systemic Conspiracy Theories: These theories suggest that there is a global conspiracy by a powerful group, such as the Illuminati, to control world events.
3. Superconspiracy Theories: These are overarching theories that combine multiple conspiracies into one grand narrative. For example, the belief that every major event in history is controlled by a single evil entity^5.
Psychological Origins
Research suggests that belief in conspiracy theories is driven by a range of psychological, political, and social factors. These include a need for understanding and certainty, a desire for control and security, and the projection of personal feelings of powerlessness into a world view where powerful others are in control^6.
Impact
Conspiracy theories can have serious social and political implications. They can erode trust in institutions, undermine social cohesion, and spread misinformation and fear. They can also influence public policy and health behavior, as seen in the anti-vaccine movement and climate change denial^7.
Criticism and Controversy
Critics argue that conspiracy theories often rely on flawed logic, lack empirical support, and are used to promote prejudice and fear. They also note that these theories can be harmful, leading to violence, social division, and the spread of misinformation^8.
However, some argue that the term "conspiracy theory" is often used pejoratively to dismiss legitimate questioning of official narratives and to stigmatize dissent^9.