Computer-assisted language learning

Overview

Computer-assisted language learning (CALL) is an approach to teaching and learning languages that uses computer technology as an aid to the presentation, reinforcement and assessment of material to be learned. CALL embraces a wide range of information and communications technology applications and approaches to teaching and learning foreign languages, from the "traditional" drill-and-practice programs that characterised CALL in the 1960s and 1970s to more recent manifestations of CALL, e.g., interactive whiteboards, computer-mediated communication (CMC), language learning in virtual worlds, and mobile-assisted language learning (MALL).

A language lab with individual computer stations and headphones.

History

The history of CALL suggests that the computer was first used in language teaching and learning in the 1960s. The earliest CALL programs were known as "drill-and-practice" programs, or tutorials, and they provided repeated practice on discrete language points. In the 1970s, as computers became more interactive, CALL began to include more open-ended instructional programs, while the 1980s saw the integration of CALL into the language curriculum, with a focus on computer-mediated communication. The advent of the World Wide Web in the 1990s brought about a new wave of CALL, now known as Web-based CALL, while the first decade of the 21st century has seen the emergence of new forms of CALL, notably mobile-assisted language learning (MALL) and language learning in virtual worlds.

Types of CALL

CALL can be divided into three main types: tutorial CALL, integrative CALL, and interactive CALL.

Tutorial CALL

Tutorial CALL is the earliest form of CALL and is characterized by drill-and-practice activities. In this type of CALL, the computer serves as a tutor by providing language activities that are structured and repetitive, with the aim of helping learners to memorize and practice specific language items.

Integrative CALL

Integrative CALL emerged with the advent of the personal computer in the 1980s. This type of CALL focuses on integrating various language skills (listening, speaking, reading, and writing) in a single activity. It also emphasizes the use of authentic language and meaningful tasks.

Interactive CALL

Interactive CALL, which emerged with the advent of the Internet, focuses on using computers to facilitate interaction between learners and their peers, teachers, or native speakers of the target language. This type of CALL includes activities such as online discussions, email exchanges, and collaborative projects.

Benefits of CALL

CALL offers a number of potential benefits to language learners. These include increased motivation, the ability to work at one's own pace, immediate feedback, the ability to track one's progress, and the opportunity to communicate with native speakers of the target language. In addition, CALL can provide access to a wide range of authentic language materials and can offer a variety of interactive activities that can enhance language learning.

Challenges of CALL

Despite its potential benefits, CALL also poses a number of challenges. These include the need for adequate training for teachers, the need for reliable technology, issues related to access and equity, and the need for appropriate pedagogical approaches to the use of technology in language learning.

Future Directions

The future of CALL is likely to be shaped by advances in technology and by changes in our understanding of language learning. Current trends suggest that CALL will continue to become more interactive, more collaborative, and more focused on communication rather than on drill and practice. In addition, CALL is likely to become more mobile, as handheld devices become increasingly powerful and ubiquitous.