Communism
Introduction
Communism is a political and economic ideology that positions itself as a classless society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs. Originating in the works of 19th century German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, communism is a proposal to overthrow capitalism through a workers' revolution and establish a society where property (especially real estate, factories, and the means of production) is owned communally.
Historical Development
The roots of communism can be traced back to ancient times, with the concept of a classless, egalitarian society appearing in the works of philosophers such as Plato. However, modern communism emerged from the socialist movement of 19th century Europe, with the term "communism" eventually coming to refer to the ideology espoused by Marx and Engels in The Communist Manifesto.
Theoretical Basis
Communism is grounded in the theory of historical materialism, which posits that societies and their cultural institutions (like religion, law, morality, etc.) are the outgrowth of collective economic activity. Marx and Engels argued that the workers (proletariat) in a capitalist society are exploited by the owners of the means of production (bourgeoisie), leading to class struggle.
Implementation and Variations
Communism has been implemented in various forms around the world, most notably in the Soviet Union, China, Cuba, and North Korea. These implementations have often diverged from the original Marxist theory, leading to the development of various branches of communism such as Marxism-Leninism, Stalinism, and Maoism.
Criticisms and Controversies
Communism has been subject to numerous criticisms, with detractors arguing that it leads to economic inefficiency, lack of individual freedom, and political repression. The implementation of communism in various countries has also been associated with human rights abuses, mass killings, and other forms of state violence.
Impact and Legacy
Despite its controversies, communism has had a profound impact on global history, shaping the course of the 20th century in particular. It has influenced political movements around the world, and continues to be a significant force in global politics.