Classical order
Introduction
The Classical order refers to the styles of classical architecture, specifically the ancient Greek and Roman architectural orders. These are the distinct styles of design that are used in the construction of buildings, particularly in the arrangement of columns and the structure of the building. The classical orders are Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian, with the later Roman additions of the Tuscan and Composite orders.
Doric Order
The Doric order is the earliest and simplest of the classical orders. It originated in mainland Greece and spread to Italy where it was extensively used by the Romans. The Doric order is characterized by a sturdy, masculine appearance. The columns are fluted and have no base, sitting directly on the stylobate (the top step of the platform). The capital is plain and the entablature has a distinctive frieze decorated with triglyphs and metopes.
Ionic Order
The Ionic order originated in Ionia, a region in western Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey). It is known for its elegance and sophistication. The Ionic column is slender and fluted, standing on a base. The capital is decorated with a scroll-like design (a volute). The entablature of the Ionic order has a frieze which is often decorated with relief sculpture, and the cornice is particularly large and decorative.
Corinthian Order
The Corinthian order is the most ornate of the Greek orders, characterized by a slender fluted column and an elaborate capital decorated with acanthus leaves and scrolls. The Corinthian order is named for the Greek city-state of Corinth, where it first originated. The Romans used the Corinthian order in numerous monumental works of imperial architecture.
Tuscan Order
The Tuscan order is a simplified version of the Doric order, and is the only order that does not have a decorated frieze. The Tuscan order, also known as the Roman Doric order, is characterized by unfluted columns and a simple frieze. It was used in ancient Rome for smaller, simpler buildings and interiors.
Composite Order
The Composite order is a mixed order, combining the volutes of the Ionic order with the acanthus leaves of the Corinthian order. It is primarily seen in Roman architecture. The Composite order is considered to be the most ornate of the orders, and was often used for the uppermost level of a building, such as the Colosseum in Rome.
Conclusion
The classical orders have had a profound impact on architecture and design throughout history. They have been used and adapted in various architectural styles, from the Renaissance to modern times, and continue to influence contemporary architecture.
See Also
- Greek architecture - Roman architecture - Renaissance architecture - Neoclassical architecture