Circuit courts

Overview

A circuit court is a court that holds sessions at multiple locations within its jurisdiction. The term derives from the practice of judges, particularly prior to the 20th century, traveling and holding court in their respective jurisdictions. This practice, known as "riding circuit", has its roots in the judicial systems of England and the United States.

History

The concept of circuit courts originated in England, where judges would travel around the country to hear cases. This practice was adopted in the United States, where it became a fundamental part of the judicial system. Circuit courts were established by the Judiciary Act of 1789, which was signed into law by President George Washington.

Function and Jurisdiction

Circuit courts are part of the federal court system in the United States. They are intermediate appellate courts that hear appeals from the district courts located within their circuit. There are 13 circuits in the United States, each covering a specific geographic area. The largest circuit is the Ninth Circuit, which covers nine states and two territories.

A modern, well-lit courtroom with a judge's bench, witness stand, and seating for attorneys, jury, and spectators.

Circuit courts have the authority to review all final decisions of district courts, as well as certain interlocutory orders. They also have the power to review the decisions of many federal administrative agencies.

Structure

Each circuit court is composed of multiple judges who are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. The number of judges in each circuit varies, ranging from six to 29. Each circuit also has a chief judge who is responsible for administrative tasks.

Procedure

Cases in circuit courts are usually heard by a panel of three judges. The judges review the record of the case and the legal arguments presented by the attorneys in briefs and oral argument. The court then issues a written opinion explaining its decision.

Significance

Circuit courts play a crucial role in the U.S. legal system. They are the final arbiter of most federal cases, as the Supreme Court hears a very small percentage of the cases that are appealed to it. Circuit court decisions, therefore, have a significant impact on the interpretation and application of federal law.