Cartesian skepticism

Introduction

Cartesian skepticism is a form of methodological skepticism associated with the writings and methodology of René Descartes. Cartesian skeptics posit that knowledge, in the traditional sense, is impossible, arguing that the only thing one can truly know is the contents of their own mind – that they think and they exist.

Historical Context

The Cartesian skepticism is named after its originator, René Descartes, a 17th-century French philosopher. Descartes is often credited with being the “Father of Modern Philosophy.” His Meditations on First Philosophy continues to be a standard text at most university philosophy departments. Descartes' philosophical journey begins with a proof of his own existence based on skepticism, leading to the famous dictum, 'Cogito, ergo sum' (I think, therefore I am).

Method of Doubt

Descartes' method of doubt is a systematic process of doubting one’s own beliefs in order to ascertain which beliefs are actually true. This method was revolutionary in its time, as it departed from the traditional philosophical method of building upon existing knowledge. Instead, Descartes proposed to demolish all knowledge and start from scratch, building a firm foundation of certainty.

Dream Argument

One of Descartes' main arguments in support of his method of doubt is the dream argument. Descartes argued that it is impossible to distinguish, with certainty, between waking life and dreams. This argument is used to cast doubt on our sensory perceptions, thereby questioning the reliability of these perceptions and the knowledge derived from them.

Evil Demon Hypothesis

Another argument Descartes presents is the evil demon hypothesis. In this scenario, Descartes imagines a powerful demon that has the ability to manipulate our perceptions, making us believe in a reality that is not actually there. This hypothesis serves to further deepen the doubt on our sensory perceptions and the knowledge derived from them.

Cogito, Ergo Sum

In the face of these doubts, Descartes finds one thing to be certain, that he exists. This is because even if all perceptions are false, the fact that he is doubting these perceptions proves that he exists. This realization is famously encapsulated in the phrase 'Cogito, ergo sum' (I think, therefore I am).

Impact on Philosophy

Descartes' skepticism has had a profound impact on the field of philosophy, particularly in the areas of epistemology and metaphysics. His method of doubt and the resulting cogito argument have been the subject of extensive analysis and criticism, contributing to the development of theories of knowledge and reality.

Criticisms

While Descartes' skepticism has been influential, it has also been the subject of numerous criticisms. Some philosophers argue that his method of doubt leads to a solipsistic view of the world, while others believe that his arguments are circular in nature. Despite these criticisms, Cartesian skepticism continues to be a significant topic in the field of philosophy.