Carbohydrates
Overview
Carbohydrates are a type of macromolecule and one of the three main types of nutrients, along with proteins and fats. They are essential for the body's energy needs, functioning as the body's primary source of energy. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, and their name is derived from these three elements.
Structure and Classification
Carbohydrates are classified into three main types: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
Monosaccharides
Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates and are often referred to as simple sugars. They include glucose, fructose, and galactose. These sugars are the building blocks of more complex carbohydrates.
Disaccharides
Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides combine through a process known as dehydration synthesis. Common disaccharides include sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar), and maltose (malt sugar).
Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates that are formed when multiple monosaccharides are linked together. They include starch, glycogen, and dietary fiber.
Function in the Body
Carbohydrates serve several key functions in the body. They are the body's main source of energy, with each gram of carbohydrate providing four calories of energy. They also play a crucial role in the functioning of the nervous system, the health of the digestive system, and the process of muscle recovery.
Dietary Sources and Requirements
Carbohydrates are found in a wide range of foods. They are abundant in fruits, vegetables, grains, and dairy products. The recommended daily intake of carbohydrates for adults is between 45% and 65% of total calorie intake.
Health Implications
The type and amount of carbohydrates consumed can have significant health implications. Consuming too many simple carbohydrates, such as those found in sugary drinks and processed foods, can lead to weight gain and other health problems, including heart disease and type 2 diabetes. On the other hand, consuming complex carbohydrates, such as those found in whole grains and vegetables, can promote good health.