Cambridge Apostles

Introduction

The Cambridge Apostles, also known as the Cambridge Conversazione Society, is an intellectual society at the University of Cambridge. Founded in 1820 by George Tomlinson, a student at Trinity College, the society has been a forum for discussion and debate among some of the most prominent intellectuals of the 19th and 20th centuries. The Apostles have been influential in various fields, including philosophy, literature, and political thought.

History

Founding and Early Years

The Cambridge Apostles was founded in 1820 by George Tomlinson, who later became the first Bishop of Gibraltar. The society was initially a secretive group, meeting weekly to discuss a wide range of topics. The name "Apostles" is believed to have been derived from the original number of members, which was twelve, akin to the twelve apostles of Jesus.

19th Century

Throughout the 19th century, the Apostles attracted many notable figures, including Alfred Lord Tennyson, Arthur Hallam, and James Clerk Maxwell. The society was known for its rigorous intellectual discussions, which often touched on controversial topics such as religion, politics, and science. The Apostles were also known for their liberal and progressive views, which set them apart from the more conservative elements of Cambridge society.

20th Century

In the 20th century, the Apostles continued to be a significant intellectual force. Members included influential figures such as John Maynard Keynes, Ludwig Wittgenstein, and Bertrand Russell. The society played a crucial role in the development of various intellectual movements, including the Bloomsbury Group and the Cambridge School of Economics. During this period, the Apostles were also known for their involvement in political activism, particularly in the areas of pacifism and socialism.

Membership and Structure

Selection Process

Membership in the Cambridge Apostles is by invitation only and is typically extended to undergraduate and graduate students at the University of Cambridge. The selection process is highly secretive, and prospective members are usually nominated by current members. The society values intellectual rigor, originality, and a commitment to free thought and discussion.

Meetings and Activities

The Apostles meet weekly during term time, usually on Saturday evenings. Meetings typically involve the presentation of a paper by one of the members, followed by a discussion. The topics of these papers can range widely, encompassing philosophy, literature, science, and politics. The society also holds an annual dinner, known as the "Feast," which is attended by current and former members.

Secrecy and Traditions

The Cambridge Apostles are known for their secrecy and unique traditions. Members are referred to as "Apostles," and former members are known as "Angels." The society's meetings and discussions are confidential, and members are expected to maintain discretion about the society's activities. Despite this secrecy, the Apostles have had a significant influence on the intellectual and cultural life of Cambridge and beyond.

Influence and Legacy

Intellectual Contributions

The Cambridge Apostles have made substantial contributions to various fields of knowledge. In philosophy, members such as G.E. Moore and Bertrand Russell were instrumental in the development of analytic philosophy. In economics, John Maynard Keynes's work on macroeconomics and his involvement in the Bloomsbury Group had a lasting impact. The society has also been influential in literature, with members like E.M. Forster and Lytton Strachey contributing to modernist literature.

Political and Social Impact

The Apostles have also been notable for their political and social activism. Many members were involved in progressive movements, advocating for social justice, pacifism, and socialism. During the early 20th century, several Apostles were associated with the Fabian Society, a socialist organization that aimed to promote social reform through gradual and democratic means. The society's commitment to free thought and discussion has also made it a breeding ground for radical ideas and political dissent.

Notable Members

Alfred Lord Tennyson

Alfred Lord Tennyson, one of the most famous poets of the Victorian era, was a member of the Cambridge Apostles. His association with the society influenced his literary work, particularly his exploration of philosophical and existential themes.

John Maynard Keynes

John Maynard Keynes, a prominent economist, was also a member of the Apostles. His involvement in the society influenced his intellectual development and his contributions to economic theory, particularly his work on Keynesian economics.

Bertrand Russell

Bertrand Russell, a renowned philosopher and logician, was another notable member of the Apostles. His association with the society played a significant role in shaping his philosophical ideas, particularly his work on logic and analytic philosophy.

Criticisms and Controversies

Secrecy and Elitism

The Cambridge Apostles have faced criticism for their secrecy and perceived elitism. The society's exclusive membership and secretive nature have led some to view it as an elitist and insular group. Critics argue that this exclusivity undermines the society's commitment to free thought and open discussion.

Political Allegiances

The political affiliations of some members have also been a source of controversy. During the early 20th century, several Apostles were associated with left-wing political movements, including socialism and communism. This led to accusations of political bias and even espionage, particularly during the Cold War era.

References