Blood pressure
Overview
Blood pressure is a critical measure of the force that blood exerts on the walls of the arteries as it circulates through the body. It is one of the principal vital signs used to assess overall health and detect potential medical conditions.
Understanding Blood Pressure
Blood pressure is typically expressed as two numbers, systolic and diastolic, and is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). The systolic pressure is the higher number and represents the maximum pressure exerted when the heart contracts. The diastolic pressure, the lower number, indicates the pressure in the arteries when the heart rests between beats.
Measurement and Interpretation
Blood pressure is measured using a device called a sphygmomanometer, which includes a cuff that is wrapped around the upper arm and inflated to temporarily stop the flow of blood. The pressure in the cuff is then slowly released while the person measuring the blood pressure listens with a stethoscope to detect the sound of blood starting to flow again.
Blood pressure readings can be categorized into five different ranges according to the American Heart Association: Normal, Elevated, Hypertension Stage 1, Hypertension Stage 2, and Hypertensive Crisis. Each category has specific criteria based on the systolic and diastolic pressure readings.
Factors Affecting Blood Pressure
Numerous factors can influence blood pressure levels, including age, sex, genetics, diet, physical activity, stress, and certain medical conditions. Some medications can also affect blood pressure.
Hypertension and Hypotension
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a condition where the force of the blood against the artery walls is consistently too high. This can lead to serious health complications, including heart disease and stroke.
Hypotension, or low blood pressure, while often seen as desirable, can cause problems if it drops too low. Symptoms can include dizziness, fainting, and, in severe cases, shock.
Management and Treatment
Management and treatment of abnormal blood pressure typically involve lifestyle changes, such as adopting a healthier diet, increasing physical activity, and reducing stress. In some cases, medication may be necessary.