Bathypelagic zone
Overview
The bathypelagic zone, also known as the midnight zone, is one of the vertical stratifications of the oceanic zone that lies between 1,000 to 4,000 meters (3,280 to 13,123 feet) below the ocean surface. It is characterized by perpetual darkness, low temperatures, and high pressure. This zone is part of the pelagic zone, which encompasses all open ocean regions.
Physical Characteristics
The bathypelagic zone is defined by a number of distinct physical characteristics, including the absence of light, low temperatures, and high pressure.
Absence of Light
Below 1,000 meters, sunlight cannot penetrate, hence the alternative name, the midnight zone. This lack of sunlight means that photosynthesis cannot occur, which has significant implications for the types of life that can exist in this zone.
Temperature and Pressure
The temperature in the bathypelagic zone is constant, usually around 2 to 4 degrees Celsius (35.6 to 39.2 degrees Fahrenheit). The pressure is immense, increasing by one atmosphere for every 10 meters of depth. At the lower boundary of the bathypelagic zone, the pressure can reach up to 400 atmospheres.
Biological Characteristics
Despite the harsh conditions, a variety of organisms have adapted to life in the bathypelagic zone. These include certain species of fish, squid, and invertebrates.
Fauna
The bathypelagic zone is home to a variety of deep-sea fish such as the anglerfish and the viperfish. These creatures have adapted to the extreme conditions by developing large mouths, sharp teeth, and hinged jaws to capture and consume prey. Many species also exhibit bioluminescence, a natural phenomenon where light is produced and emitted by a living organism.
Squids and octopuses are also common in the bathypelagic zone. These creatures are known for their intelligence and adaptability, with some species developing bioluminescent capabilities.
Invertebrates, such as copepods, amphipods, and isopods, also inhabit the bathypelagic zone. These creatures feed on detritus, or dead organic material, that falls from the upper layers of the ocean.
Human Interaction
Human interaction with the bathypelagic zone is limited due to the extreme conditions. However, scientific interest in this zone has increased in recent years.
Exploration
Exploration of the bathypelagic zone is challenging due to the high pressure, low temperatures, and absence of light. However, advancements in technology have allowed for the development of deep-sea submersibles and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) that can withstand these conditions. These vehicles are equipped with cameras and other instruments to collect data and capture images of this largely unexplored region.
Impact of Human Activities
Despite its remoteness, the bathypelagic zone is not immune to the impacts of human activities. Pollution, in the form of plastic debris and chemical pollutants, has been found in this zone. Overfishing and climate change also pose threats to the creatures of the bathypelagic zone.