Balance Disorders
Overview
Balance disorders are a broad category of conditions that can make you feel unsteady or dizzy. These disorders can be caused by anything from medications to certain health problems. When you have a balance disorder, you may stagger when you try to walk, or teeter or fall when you try to stand up. Some balance disorders are caused by problems in the inner ear. Others may involve another part of the body, such as the brain or the heart. Aging, infections, head injury, certain medications, or problems in the circulatory system can also contribute to balance disorders.
Causes of Balance Disorders
Balance disorders can be caused by several different conditions. The most common cause is a problem with the inner ear, where the vestibular system is located. This system helps control balance and eye movements. If the vestibular system is damaged, it can cause a person to feel as if they are moving or spinning, even when they are still. This sensation is called vertigo.
Other causes of balance disorders can include:
- Medications: Some drugs can also affect the inner ear and cause balance problems.
- Circulatory system problems: Conditions such as low blood pressure can lead to balance disorders.
- Neurological conditions: Diseases such as Parkinson's and multiple sclerosis can cause balance problems.
- Infections: Certain infections can cause inflammation in the inner ear, which can result in balance disorders.
- Aging: As people age, they may experience changes in their body that can affect their balance.
Symptoms of Balance Disorders
The symptoms of balance disorders can vary depending on the cause and severity of the condition. Some common symptoms include:
- Dizziness or vertigo (a spinning sensation)
- Falling or feeling as if you are going to fall
- Staggering when you try to walk
- Lightheadedness, faintness, or a floating sensation
- Blurred vision
- Confusion or disorientation
Other symptoms may also be present, such as nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, changes in heart rate and blood pressure, fear, anxiety, or panic. Some people may also have symptoms that can affect their concentration and memory.
Diagnosis of Balance Disorders
Diagnosing a balance disorder can be a complex process because there are many potential causes. A healthcare provider will start by taking a detailed medical history and performing a physical examination. This may include asking questions about the person's symptoms, their medical history, and any medications they are taking.
The healthcare provider may also perform tests to assess the person's balance and coordination. These can include:
- Electronystagmography (ENG) or Videonystagmography (VNG): These tests measure eye movements and can help determine if a balance disorder is due to problems in the inner ear.
- Posturography: This test can help determine which parts of the balance system the person relies on the most and which parts may be causing problems.
- Rotational chair test: This test can help determine if the person's dizziness is caused by a problem in the inner ear or the brain.
- Audiometry: This test can help determine if hearing loss is associated with the balance disorder.
In some cases, additional tests such as a MRI or a CT scan may be needed to rule out other conditions that could be causing the symptoms.
Treatment of Balance Disorders
The treatment of balance disorders depends on the cause. In some cases, treatment may not be necessary, and the balance disorder will resolve on its own. In other cases, treatment may involve medication, lifestyle changes, or physical therapy.
Medications can be used to treat some balance disorders. For example, a person with Meniere's disease may be prescribed a diuretic to reduce fluid buildup in the inner ear. Other medications can help relieve symptoms such as nausea and vertigo.
Lifestyle changes can also be beneficial. This can include dietary changes, such as reducing salt intake, and avoiding alcohol and caffeine. Regular exercise can also help improve balance and coordination.
Physical therapy can be particularly helpful for balance disorders. A physical therapist can teach exercises to improve balance, increase strength, and boost flexibility. These exercises can help reduce dizziness and improve stability.
In some cases, surgery may be necessary. For example, a person with a vestibular disorder may need surgery to correct the problem.
Prognosis of Balance Disorders
The prognosis for balance disorders depends on the cause. Some balance disorders can be treated effectively with medication, lifestyle changes, or physical therapy, and the person can expect to make a full recovery.
However, some balance disorders may be chronic and require ongoing treatment to manage the symptoms. In some cases, balance disorders can lead to falls and injuries, particularly in older adults.
Prevention of Balance Disorders
While not all balance disorders can be prevented, there are steps you can take to reduce your risk. These include:
- Regular exercise: This can help keep your balance system in good condition.
- Healthy diet: Eating a balanced diet can help prevent conditions that can lead to balance disorders.
- Limit alcohol: Excessive alcohol can affect your balance.
- Avoid head injuries: Wear a helmet when participating in activities that could result in a head injury.
- Regular check-ups: Regular medical check-ups can help detect conditions that can lead to balance disorders early.