Autism

Definition and Classification

Autism, also known as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by challenges with social skills, repetitive behaviors, speech and nonverbal communication. The term "spectrum" in ASD refers to the wide variation in challenges and strengths possessed by each person with autism.

Two children playing with a set of colorful blocks, demonstrating the concept of play therapy often used in autism.

Characteristics

Autism's most-obvious signs tend to appear between 2 and 3 years of age. Some developmental delays associated with autism can be identified and addressed even earlier. Autism Speaks encourages parents with concerns to seek evaluation without delay, as early intervention can improve outcomes.

Social Communication and Interaction

People with autism often have difficulty with social communication and interaction. This can involve a wide range of behaviors including difficulty with conversation, lack of eye contact, narrow interests, and delayed language development.

Repetitive and Stereotyped Behaviors

Individuals with autism often engage in repetitive movements or unusual behaviors. These can include repetitive motor behaviors (such as hand flapping or complex whole-body movements), insistence on sameness or routines, and intense interest in certain topics.

A child sitting at a table, focused on lining up small toy cars in a precise order, demonstrating a common repetitive behavior seen in autism.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of autism is currently unknown, but research suggests that a combination of genetic and environmental influences are involved. These can include parental age at the time of conception, maternal illness during pregnancy, and certain genetic conditions.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of autism involves two stages: developmental screening and comprehensive diagnostic evaluation. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that all children be screened for developmental delays at their 9-, 18-, and 24- or 30-month well-child doctor visits and specifically for autism at their 18- and 24-month well-child doctor visits.

Treatment and Management

While there is no cure for autism, intensive, early treatment can make a big difference in the lives of many children with the disorder. Treatment typically involves behavioral therapy, including Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), speech-language therapy, occupational therapy, and pharmacological therapy.

A therapist working with a child on a sensory integration activity, commonly used in occupational therapy for autism.

Impact on Individuals and Families

Autism can have a significant impact on the individual and their family. The disorder can affect all areas of life, including school performance, work, and social interactions. Families often experience increased stress and may need to seek additional support services.

Research and Future Directions

Research into autism is ongoing, with scientists seeking to understand the causes of the disorder, develop effective treatments, and improve the lives of individuals with autism and their families.