Anxiolytic
Definition
Anxiolytics are a class of medications used primarily in the treatment of anxiety and its related psychological and physical symptoms. Anxiolytics are often known as tranquilizers and the terms are used interchangeably. The term "anxiolytic" originates from the Greek words "άγχος" (anxiety) and "λύσις" (relief).
Classification
Anxiolytics can be classified into two major categories: benzodiazepines and azapirones.
Benzodiazepines
Benzodiazepines are the most common type of anxiolytic and include drugs such as alprazolam, diazepam, and lorazepam. They are fast-acting and have a broad spectrum of action, making them effective for a variety of anxiety disorders.
Azapirones
Azapirones, such as buspirone, are a newer class of anxiolytics. They are slower-acting than benzodiazepines and are generally used for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).
Mechanism of Action
Anxiolytics work by modulating the action of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, particularly gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). GABA is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, and increased GABA activity results in decreased neuronal excitability, which leads to an overall calming effect.
Uses
Anxiolytics are primarily used to treat anxiety disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder. They may also be used to treat other conditions, such as insomnia, seizures, and alcohol withdrawal.
Side Effects
Common side effects of anxiolytics include drowsiness, dizziness, confusion, and impaired coordination. Long-term use can lead to dependence and withdrawal symptoms upon discontinuation.