Analgesic
Introduction
An analgesic or painkiller is any member of the group of drugs used to achieve analgesia, relief from pain. Analgesic drugs act in various ways on the peripheral and central nervous systems. They are distinct from anesthetics, which temporarily affect, and in some instances completely eliminate, sensation.
Classification
Analgesics are typically classified into two types: non-narcotic and narcotic.
Non-narcotic Analgesics
Non-narcotic analgesics are the most commonly used drugs for relief of toothache or pain following dental treatment as well as fever. These include paracetamol (known in North America as acetaminophen) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as the salicylates.
Narcotic Analgesics
Narcotic analgesics include opioids such as morphine, codeine, oxycodone, and synthetic narcotics. Historically, narcotic analgesics like morphine were derived from opium poppies, although many of the narcotics used today are synthetic or semi-synthetic.
Mechanism of Action
Analgesics work by blocking the perception of pain. They do this by interacting with specific receptors in the brain and spinal cord to prevent the release of neurotransmitters that signal pain.
Non-narcotic Analgesics
Non-narcotic analgesics work by inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase, which is involved in the production of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are chemicals in the body that cause inflammation and increase the sensitivity of pain receptors.
Narcotic Analgesics
Narcotic analgesics work by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord. This prevents the release of neurotransmitters that signal pain, effectively blocking the perception of pain.
Side Effects and Risks
Like all medications, analgesics can cause side effects. The severity and type of side effects depend on the type of analgesic, the dose, the duration of use, and the individual patient's health status.
Non-narcotic Analgesics
Common side effects of non-narcotic analgesics include stomach upset, heartburn, and nausea. Long-term use can lead to stomach ulcers, kidney damage, and increased risk of heart attack or stroke.
Narcotic Analgesics
Narcotic analgesics can cause drowsiness, dizziness, constipation, and nausea. Long-term use can lead to physical dependence and addiction. Overdose can cause respiratory depression and death.
Conclusion
Analgesics play a crucial role in pain management. While they can provide significant relief from pain, their use must be carefully monitored due to the potential for side effects and, in the case of narcotic analgesics, the risk of addiction.