Advances in Fullerene Chemistry
Introduction
Fullerene chemistry is a field of organic chemistry devoted to the chemical properties of fullerenes, which are a form of carbon molecule characterized by their large spheroidal structure. Fullerenes are named after Richard Buckminster Fuller, an architect known for the design of geodesic domes which resemble the structure of these molecules.
History
The discovery of fullerenes in 1985 by Robert Curl, Harold Kroto, and Richard Smalley led to a new field of study within organic chemistry. The researchers were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1996 for their work. The discovery of fullerenes also led to the discovery of other similar forms of carbon, such as carbon nanotubes and graphene.
Structure and Properties
Fullerenes are composed of carbon atoms linked by single and double bonds to form a closed or partially closed mesh. The mesh resembles a spherical, ellipsoidal, or cylindrical shape. The most common fullerene is the buckminsterfullerene, which consists of 60 carbon atoms. The structure of the buckminsterfullerene resembles a soccer ball, with 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons.
Synthesis
Fullerenes can be synthesized through several methods. The most common method is the arc discharge method, which involves passing an electric current between two graphite electrodes in an inert atmosphere. Other methods include the resistive heating of graphite and the laser ablation of graphite.
Applications
Fullerenes have found applications in various fields due to their unique properties. They are used in the field of materials science in the development of lightweight, high-strength materials. In medicine, fullerenes are used in drug delivery systems due to their ability to carry and release drugs in a controlled manner. In energy, fullerenes are used in the development of solar cells and fuel cells.
Future Prospects
The field of fullerene chemistry continues to evolve with new discoveries and applications. The development of new synthesis methods and the discovery of new fullerene structures are areas of active research. The potential applications of fullerenes in medicine, energy, and materials science are vast and continue to be explored.