View source for War in Afghanistan (2001–present)

== Background ==

The War in Afghanistan, which began in 2001 and continues to the present day, is a complex conflict involving multiple actors and interests. It originated in the aftermath of the [[September 11 attacks|9/11 attacks]] on the United States, which prompted the U.S. and its allies to launch [[Operation Enduring Freedom]], aimed at dismantling [[Al-Qaeda]] and removing the [[Taliban]] from power in Afghanistan. The Taliban had provided sanctuary to Al-Qaeda, facilitating their operations. The conflict has evolved over the years, involving various phases, including military operations, peace talks, and reconstruction efforts.

== Initial Invasion and Early Years (2001–2006) ==

The initial phase of the war saw a swift military campaign led by the United States, supported by the [[Northern Alliance]], an Afghan opposition group. By December 2001, the Taliban regime had collapsed, and a new interim government was established under the leadership of [[Hamid Karzai]]. Despite the initial success, the Taliban regrouped and began an insurgency campaign, exploiting the mountainous terrain and local grievances.

<div class='only_on_desktop image-preview'><div class='image-preview-loader'></div></div><div class='only_on_mobile image-preview'><div class='image-preview-loader'></div></div>

The early years were marked by efforts to stabilize the country and rebuild its institutions. The [[Bonn Agreement]] laid the groundwork for political reconstruction, leading to the adoption of a new constitution in 2004 and the first democratic elections. However, the insurgency intensified, with the Taliban and other militant groups launching attacks against Afghan and coalition forces.

== Insurgency and Counterinsurgency (2006–2014) ==

The period from 2006 to 2014 was characterized by a significant increase in violence and insurgency activities. The Taliban, along with [[Haqqani Network]] and other insurgent groups, expanded their influence across rural areas. The insurgents employed guerrilla tactics, including [[improvised explosive devices|IEDs]], suicide bombings, and ambushes, targeting both military and civilian entities.

In response, the [[International Security Assistance Force|ISAF]], a NATO-led mission, intensified its counterinsurgency efforts. The strategy focused on securing population centers, building Afghan security forces, and promoting governance and development. The [[surge strategy]] in 2009, led by the U.S., involved deploying additional troops to stabilize key regions.

Despite these efforts, challenges persisted, including corruption, weak governance, and the complex tribal dynamics of Afghanistan. The insurgency continued to exploit these vulnerabilities, maintaining a resilient presence in several provinces.

== Transition and Drawdown (2014–2021) ==

The transition phase began with the formal end of ISAF's combat mission in December 2014, transitioning to [[Operation Resolute Support]], which focused on training, advising, and assisting Afghan security forces. This period saw a gradual drawdown of international troops, with Afghan forces taking the lead in combat operations.

The Afghan government, under President [[Ashraf Ghani]], faced significant challenges in maintaining security and governance. The Taliban continued to gain ground, launching major offensives and capturing territories. Efforts to initiate peace talks gained momentum, leading to the [[U.S.-Taliban Agreement]] in February 2020, which outlined a timeline for the withdrawal of U.S. troops.

Despite the agreement, violence persisted, and the Taliban launched a major offensive in 2021, capturing key cities and eventually Kabul in August 2021. This led to the collapse of the Afghan government and the establishment of a new Taliban regime.

== Current Situation and Ongoing Challenges ==

Since the Taliban's return to power, Afghanistan has faced a humanitarian crisis, with millions at risk of famine and economic collapse. The international community has grappled with how to engage with the Taliban, balancing humanitarian aid with concerns over human rights and security.

The Taliban's governance has been marked by efforts to consolidate power, but they face internal divisions and challenges in gaining international recognition. The presence of [[Islamic State – Khorasan Province|ISIS-K]], a rival militant group, poses a significant security threat, complicating the Taliban's efforts to maintain stability.

The future of Afghanistan remains uncertain, with ongoing debates about the role of regional powers, the potential for renewed conflict, and the prospects for peace and development.

== See Also ==

* [[Afghanistan conflict (1978–present)]]
* [[Taliban insurgency]]
* [[U.S. military operations in Afghanistan]]

[[Category:War in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:21st-century conflicts]]
[[Category:Military history of Afghanistan]]