View source for Test of English as a Foreign Language

== Introduction ==

The Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) is a standardized test designed to measure the English language proficiency of non-native speakers. It is widely accepted by many English-speaking academic and professional institutions. The test evaluates the ability to use and understand English at the university level and assesses how well candidates combine their listening, reading, speaking, and writing skills to perform academic tasks. TOEFL is administered by the Educational Testing Service (ETS), a private non-profit organization.

<div class='only_on_desktop image-preview'><div class='image-preview-loader'></div></div><div class='only_on_mobile image-preview'><div class='image-preview-loader'></div></div>

== History and Development ==

The TOEFL was first administered in 1964, developed in response to the growing need for a standardized measure of English proficiency for non-native speakers seeking admission to English-speaking universities. The test was initially funded by grants from the Ford and Danforth Foundations and was developed by the Center for Applied Linguistics under the direction of Charles A. Ferguson. Over the years, the test has evolved significantly, transitioning from a paper-based format to a computer-based test (CBT) in 1998, and eventually to the internet-based test (iBT) in 2005.

The iBT version of the TOEFL introduced a more integrated approach to language testing, emphasizing the ability to use English in an academic setting. This format includes tasks that require test-takers to combine multiple language skills, such as reading a passage, listening to a lecture, and then speaking or writing in response.

== Test Format and Structure ==

The TOEFL iBT is divided into four sections: Reading, Listening, Speaking, and Writing. Each section is designed to assess different aspects of English language proficiency.

=== Reading Section ===

The Reading section consists of 3 to 4 passages from academic texts, each followed by a set of questions. The passages are approximately 700 words long and cover a variety of topics. Test-takers are required to answer questions that test their ability to understand and interpret the material, including identifying main ideas, understanding vocabulary in context, and making inferences.

=== Listening Section ===

The Listening section includes 4 to 6 lectures and 2 to 3 conversations, each followed by a series of questions. The lectures are similar to those found in university settings, and the conversations typically involve interactions between students and faculty. This section assesses the ability to understand spoken English, including the speaker's attitude and purpose.

=== Speaking Section ===

The Speaking section consists of 6 tasks: 2 independent tasks and 4 integrated tasks. In the independent tasks, test-takers express their opinions on familiar topics. The integrated tasks require test-takers to read a passage, listen to a recording, and then speak in response. This section evaluates the ability to communicate effectively in English in an academic environment.

=== Writing Section ===

The Writing section includes 2 tasks: an integrated task and an independent task. In the integrated task, test-takers read a passage, listen to a lecture, and then write a response. The independent task requires test-takers to write an essay expressing their opinion on a given topic. This section assesses the ability to write clearly and coherently in English.

== Scoring and Evaluation ==

The TOEFL iBT is scored on a scale of 0 to 120, with each section receiving a score from 0 to 30. The scores are based on the number of correct responses and the quality of the responses in the Speaking and Writing sections. ETS provides detailed score reports that include performance feedback, helping test-takers understand their strengths and areas for improvement.

The scores are valid for two years, and most universities require applicants to submit their TOEFL scores as part of the admissions process. Some institutions may have specific score requirements for each section, while others may focus on the overall score.

== Global Impact and Usage ==

The TOEFL is recognized by over 11,000 institutions in more than 150 countries, making it one of the most widely accepted English proficiency tests worldwide. It is commonly used for university admissions, scholarship applications, and immigration purposes. The test is particularly popular in countries where English is not the primary language of instruction, such as China, India, and Brazil.

In addition to academic settings, the TOEFL is also used by government agencies, licensing bodies, and businesses to assess English language proficiency for professional purposes. The test's widespread acceptance and rigorous evaluation process have contributed to its reputation as a reliable measure of English language skills.

== Preparation and Resources ==

Preparing for the TOEFL requires a comprehensive understanding of the test format and the skills being assessed. Test-takers can access a variety of resources, including official practice tests, study guides, and online courses. ETS offers a range of preparation materials, such as the TOEFL iBT Interactive Sampler and the TOEFL Practice Online, which simulate the actual test experience.

Many language schools and private tutors also offer TOEFL preparation courses, focusing on strategies for improving language skills and test-taking techniques. These courses often include practice exercises, mock tests, and personalized feedback to help test-takers achieve their desired scores.

== Criticisms and Controversies ==

Despite its widespread acceptance, the TOEFL has faced criticism and controversy over the years. Some educators argue that the test may not accurately reflect a candidate's ability to succeed in an English-speaking academic environment, as it primarily focuses on language skills rather than critical thinking or subject-specific knowledge.

Additionally, the cost of the test, which can be prohibitive for some candidates, has been a point of contention. The fees vary by country but generally range from $180 to $300. This financial barrier may limit access to higher education opportunities for students from lower-income backgrounds.

There have also been concerns about the cultural bias of the test content, as some passages and topics may be more familiar to test-takers from certain cultural backgrounds. ETS has made efforts to address these issues by including a diverse range of topics and ensuring that the test is fair and accessible to all candidates.

== Future Developments ==

As the demand for English language proficiency testing continues to grow, ETS is exploring new ways to enhance the TOEFL and make it more accessible to a global audience. This includes the development of new test formats, such as the TOEFL Essentials Test, which offers a shorter and more affordable alternative to the traditional iBT.

Technological advancements are also playing a role in the evolution of the TOEFL, with the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning to improve scoring accuracy and provide more personalized feedback. These innovations aim to ensure that the TOEFL remains a relevant and reliable measure of English language proficiency in an ever-changing world.

== See Also ==

* [[International English Language Testing System|IELTS]]
* [[Educational Testing Service|ETS]]
* [[English Language Proficiency]]

[[Category:Standardized tests]]
[[Category:English language]]
[[Category:Language education]]