View source for PD-1 inhibitors

==Introduction==
PD-1 inhibitors are a type of [[Immunotherapy|immunotherapy]] used in the treatment of cancer. They work by blocking the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), a protein that prevents the immune system from killing cancer cells. By inhibiting PD-1, these drugs allow the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells more effectively.

==Mechanism of Action==
PD-1 inhibitors work by blocking the interaction between PD-1 and its ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2. PD-1 is a protein that is expressed on the surface of T cells, a type of [[White blood cell|white blood cell]] that plays a crucial role in the immune response. When PD-1 binds to its ligands, it sends a signal to the T cell to stop attacking. This is a normal part of the immune response, as it prevents the immune system from attacking the body's own cells. However, some cancer cells can overexpress PD-L1, tricking the immune system into leaving them alone. PD-1 inhibitors block this interaction, allowing the T cells to recognize and attack the cancer cells.

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==Types of PD-1 Inhibitors==
There are several types of PD-1 inhibitors currently approved for use in the treatment of cancer. These include:

* [[Nivolumab|Nivolumab (Opdivo)]]
* [[Pembrolizumab|Pembrolizumab (Keytruda)]]
* [[Cemiplimab|Cemiplimab (Libtayo)]]

Each of these drugs works in a similar way, but they are used to treat different types of cancer.

==Clinical Use==
PD-1 inhibitors have been approved for use in the treatment of several types of cancer, including:

* [[Melanoma|Melanoma]]
* [[Non-small cell lung cancer|Non-small cell lung cancer]]
* [[Renal cell carcinoma|Renal cell carcinoma]]
* [[Hodgkin's lymphoma|Hodgkin's lymphoma]]
* [[Head and neck cancer|Head and neck cancer]]
* [[Bladder cancer|Bladder cancer]]

The use of PD-1 inhibitors in the treatment of these cancers has significantly improved patient outcomes in many cases. However, not all patients respond to treatment with PD-1 inhibitors, and the drugs can cause serious side effects in some people.

==Side Effects==
Like all drugs, PD-1 inhibitors can cause side effects. These can range from mild to severe and can include:

* Fatigue
* Skin rash
* Diarrhea
* [[Hepatitis|Hepatitis]]
* [[Pneumonitis|Pneumonitis]]
* [[Endocrine disorders|Endocrine disorders]]

In rare cases, PD-1 inhibitors can cause serious, life-threatening side effects, including severe immune-related adverse events (irAEs). These occur when the immune system attacks healthy cells in the body, leading to serious inflammation and damage to organs and tissues.

==Future Research==
Research into PD-1 inhibitors is ongoing, with many clinical trials currently underway to test these drugs in the treatment of other types of cancer. There is also research being done to identify biomarkers that can predict which patients are most likely to respond to treatment with PD-1 inhibitors.

==See Also==
* [[Cancer immunotherapy]]
* [[Checkpoint inhibitor]]
* [[T cell]]

==Categories==
[[Category:Immunotherapy]]
[[Category:Cancer treatments]]
[[Category:Pharmacology]]