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== Overview ==

The Ontario Secondary School Diploma (OSSD) is a credential awarded to students who have successfully completed the secondary school education requirements in the province of [[Ontario]]. It is a key component of the educational framework in Ontario, designed to prepare students for post-secondary education, employment, and responsible citizenship. The OSSD is recognized both nationally and internationally, reflecting a comprehensive curriculum that encompasses a wide range of academic and practical skills.

== Curriculum Requirements ==

The OSSD requires students to earn a minimum of 30 credits, which include 18 compulsory credits and 12 elective credits. Compulsory credits cover essential subjects such as English, mathematics, science, Canadian history, Canadian geography, arts, health and physical education, French as a second language, and career studies. Elective credits allow students to explore areas of personal interest and aptitude, providing opportunities for specialization in fields such as technology, business, and the humanities.

=== Compulsory Credits ===

1. **English**: Four credits in English are mandatory, with one credit earned in each grade from 9 to 12. These courses focus on developing literacy, critical thinking, and communication skills.

2. **Mathematics**: Students must complete three credits in mathematics, typically including courses in algebra, geometry, and data management.

3. **Science**: Two credits in science are required, often covering general science in the lower grades and specialized courses like biology, chemistry, or physics in the upper grades.

4. **Canadian History and Geography**: One credit each in Canadian history and Canadian geography is required, typically completed in grades 9 and 10, respectively.

5. **Arts**: One credit in the arts, which can include music, visual arts, drama, or dance, is necessary to encourage creativity and cultural understanding.

6. **Health and Physical Education**: One credit in health and physical education promotes physical well-being and knowledge about healthy lifestyles.

7. **French as a Second Language**: One credit in French as a second language is required, reflecting Canada's bilingual nature.

8. **Career Studies and Civics**: Half a credit in career studies and half a credit in civics are required, focusing on career planning and understanding civic responsibilities.

=== Elective Credits ===

Elective credits allow students to tailor their education to their interests and career goals. Options include courses in technology, business studies, social sciences, and additional languages. These courses provide students with the opportunity to gain specialized knowledge and skills that align with their future aspirations.

== Additional Requirements ==

In addition to the credit requirements, students must complete 40 hours of community involvement activities and pass the Ontario Secondary School Literacy Test (OSSLT). The community involvement requirement encourages students to engage with their communities and develop a sense of social responsibility. The OSSLT assesses students' reading and writing skills, ensuring they meet the literacy standards necessary for graduation.

== Specialized Programs ==

Ontario offers several specialized programs within the secondary school system to cater to diverse student needs and interests. These programs include the Specialist High Skills Major (SHSM), the Ontario Youth Apprenticeship Program (OYAP), and the International Baccalaureate (IB) program.

=== Specialist High Skills Major (SHSM) ===

The SHSM program allows students to focus on a specific economic sector, such as health and wellness, business, or information technology. This program combines classroom learning with experiential learning opportunities, including co-op placements and sector-specific certifications.

=== Ontario Youth Apprenticeship Program (OYAP) ===

OYAP provides students with the opportunity to begin apprenticeship training while completing their OSSD. This program is designed for students interested in pursuing careers in the skilled trades, offering hands-on experience and a pathway to certification as a journeyperson.

=== International Baccalaureate (IB) ===

The IB program is an internationally recognized curriculum that emphasizes critical thinking, intercultural understanding, and rigorous assessment. Students enrolled in the IB program can earn both the OSSD and the IB Diploma, providing them with a competitive edge for post-secondary education.

== Assessment and Evaluation ==

Assessment and evaluation in Ontario secondary schools are based on a combination of formative and summative assessments. Formative assessments provide ongoing feedback to students, helping them improve their learning and understanding. Summative assessments, such as exams and final projects, evaluate students' overall achievement in a course.

Teachers use a variety of assessment methods, including tests, assignments, presentations, and group work, to measure student learning. The Ontario Ministry of Education provides guidelines and resources to ensure that assessments are fair, reliable, and aligned with curriculum expectations.

== Post-Secondary Pathways ==

The OSSD prepares students for a variety of post-secondary pathways, including university, college, apprenticeship, and the workforce. Ontario's education system emphasizes the importance of planning and exploration, encouraging students to consider their interests, strengths, and career goals when choosing courses and programs.

=== University ===

Students aiming for university admission typically focus on academic courses in subjects such as English, mathematics, and sciences. Universities in Ontario and across Canada recognize the OSSD as a valid credential for admission, often requiring specific courses and grades for entry into particular programs.

=== College ===

Ontario's colleges offer a wide range of diploma and certificate programs that provide practical, career-oriented education. Students interested in college pathways may choose applied courses that emphasize hands-on learning and real-world applications.

=== Apprenticeship ===

For students interested in the skilled trades, apprenticeships offer a combination of on-the-job training and classroom instruction. The OSSD provides a foundation for students to enter apprenticeship programs, which lead to certification as a skilled tradesperson.

=== Workforce ===

Some students choose to enter the workforce directly after earning their OSSD. The diploma equips them with essential skills and knowledge, such as communication, problem-solving, and teamwork, that are valuable in various employment sectors.

== Educational Support and Resources ==

Ontario provides a range of support services and resources to help students succeed in their secondary education. These include guidance counseling, special education services, and access to technology and learning materials.

=== Guidance Counseling ===

Guidance counselors assist students with academic planning, career exploration, and personal development. They provide support in course selection, post-secondary applications, and scholarship opportunities.

=== Special Education Services ===

Ontario's education system is committed to inclusivity and accessibility, offering special education services to students with diverse learning needs. These services include individualized education plans (IEPs), accommodations, and support from specialized staff.

=== Technology and Learning Materials ===

Schools in Ontario are equipped with technology and resources to enhance student learning. This includes access to computers, digital learning platforms, and a variety of educational materials that support the curriculum.

== Challenges and Reforms ==

The OSSD and Ontario's secondary education system face ongoing challenges and reforms aimed at improving student outcomes and addressing emerging needs. These include adapting to technological advancements, addressing equity and inclusion, and responding to labor market demands.

=== Technological Advancements ===

The integration of technology in education is a priority for Ontario, with initiatives to enhance digital literacy and incorporate innovative teaching methods. This includes the use of online learning platforms, digital resources, and technology-enabled classrooms.

=== Equity and Inclusion ===

Ontario is committed to promoting equity and inclusion in education, ensuring that all students have access to quality learning opportunities. This involves addressing systemic barriers, supporting marginalized communities, and fostering a culturally responsive curriculum.

=== Labor Market Demands ===

The OSSD curriculum is continually updated to align with labor market demands, ensuring that students are equipped with the skills and knowledge needed for future employment. This includes a focus on STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) education, entrepreneurship, and global competencies.

== Conclusion ==

The Ontario Secondary School Diploma is a comprehensive and versatile credential that prepares students for a variety of post-secondary pathways and lifelong learning. Through a balanced curriculum, specialized programs, and a commitment to equity and inclusion, the OSSD supports the development of well-rounded individuals ready to contribute to society.

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== See Also ==

* [[Education in Canada]]
* [[International Baccalaureate]]
* [[Apprenticeship in Canada]]

[[Category:Education in Ontario]]
[[Category:Secondary education in Canada]]
[[Category:High school diplomas]]