View source for Interleukin-10 receptor

== Overview ==

The [[Interleukin-10 receptor]] (IL-10R) is a type of [[protein]] that is encoded in humans by the IL10RA gene. It is a receptor for [[interleukin 10]] (IL-10), a [[cytokine]] involved in the regulation of [[immune system]] responses. The IL-10R is expressed on the surface of various immune cells, including [[T cells]], [[B cells]], and [[macrophages]], where it binds to IL-10, initiating a signaling cascade that can suppress inflammatory responses and promote immune tolerance.

[[Image:Detail-62536.jpg|thumb|center|A close-up view of a cell membrane with the IL-10 receptor embedded in it.|class=only_on_mobile]]
[[Image:Detail-62537.jpg|thumb|center|A close-up view of a cell membrane with the IL-10 receptor embedded in it.|class=only_on_desktop]]

== Structure and Function ==

The IL-10R is a member of the [[class II cytokine receptor]] family, which is characterized by the presence of two [[disulfide bond]]s. It is a heterotetramer, composed of two alpha (IL10RA) and two beta (IL10RB) subunits. The IL10RA subunit is responsible for specific binding to IL-10, while the IL10RB subunit is shared with the receptors for other cytokines, including [[interleukin 20]] and [[interleukin 22]].

Upon binding to IL-10, the IL-10R undergoes a conformational change that leads to the activation of the [[Janus kinase]] (JAK) proteins JAK1 and TYK2. These kinases then phosphorylate the [[signal transducer and activator of transcription]] (STAT) proteins STAT3 and STAT1, which dimerize and translocate to the [[cell nucleus]], where they regulate the transcription of target genes.

The activation of the IL-10R by IL-10 leads to a variety of immune-regulatory effects. These include the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokine production, the promotion of [[B cell]] survival and proliferation, and the induction of [[regulatory T cell]] differentiation.

== Clinical Significance ==

Mutations in the IL10RA and IL10RB genes can lead to a loss of IL-10R function, resulting in a rare, autosomal recessive disorder known as [[IL-10 receptor deficiency]]. This condition is characterized by early-onset [[inflammatory bowel disease]], and can also involve other immune-related symptoms, such as [[arthritis]] and [[dermatitis]]. 

The IL-10R is also a potential therapeutic target in various diseases. For example, drugs that enhance IL-10R signaling could potentially be used to treat inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, while drugs that inhibit IL-10R signaling could potentially be used to boost immune responses in the context of [[cancer]] or [[infectious disease]]s.

== Research Directions ==

Current research on the IL-10R is focused on several areas. These include the development of drugs that can modulate IL-10R signaling, the investigation of the role of the IL-10R in various diseases, and the study of the molecular mechanisms underlying IL-10R signaling.

== See Also ==

* [[Interleukin 10]]
* [[Cytokine]]
* [[Inflammatory bowel disease]]
* [[Regulatory T cell]]

[[Category:Protein]]
[[Category:Immunology]]
[[Category:Genetics]]