View source for Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

== Introduction ==

The '''Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities''' (CRPD) is an international human rights treaty of the [[United Nations|United Nations (UN)]] aimed at protecting the rights and dignity of persons with disabilities. Parties to the Convention are required to promote, protect, and ensure the full enjoyment of human rights by persons with disabilities and ensure that they enjoy full equality under the law. The CRPD was adopted on December 13, 2006, at the UN Headquarters in New York and came into force on May 3, 2008, following its 20th ratification.

== Background and Development ==

The CRPD emerged from decades of work by the UN to change attitudes and approaches to persons with disabilities. The need for a comprehensive and integral international convention to promote and protect the rights and dignity of persons with disabilities was recognized during the 1990s. The [[World Programme of Action Concerning Disabled Persons|World Programme of Action Concerning Disabled Persons]] and the [[Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities|Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities]] laid the groundwork for the CRPD by highlighting the need for a paradigm shift from viewing persons with disabilities as objects of charity to subjects with rights.

== Structure and Content ==

The CRPD consists of a preamble and 50 articles. The preamble outlines the context and principles of the Convention, acknowledging the diversity of persons with disabilities and emphasizing the importance of mainstreaming disability issues as an integral part of relevant strategies of sustainable development. The articles of the CRPD cover a wide range of civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights.

=== General Principles ===

The CRPD is guided by several general principles, including:

* Respect for inherent dignity, individual autonomy including the freedom to make one's own choices, and independence of persons.
* Non-discrimination.
* Full and effective participation and inclusion in society.
* Respect for difference and acceptance of persons with disabilities as part of human diversity and humanity.
* Equality of opportunity.
* Accessibility.
* Equality between men and women.
* Respect for the evolving capacities of children with disabilities and respect for the right of children with disabilities to preserve their identities.

=== Key Provisions ===

The CRPD addresses a wide range of areas, including but not limited to:

* [[Accessibility|Accessibility]]: Ensuring access to the physical environment, transportation, information, and communications.
* [[Equality before the law|Equality before the law]]: Guaranteeing legal capacity and equal recognition before the law.
* [[Education|Education]]: Ensuring inclusive education at all levels.
* [[Health|Health]]: Providing access to health services that are gender-sensitive and disability-inclusive.
* [[Employment|Employment]]: Promoting opportunities for gainful employment in an open, inclusive, and accessible labor market.
* [[Participation in political and public life|Participation in political and public life]]: Ensuring the right to vote and be elected.
* [[Freedom from exploitation, violence, and abuse|Freedom from exploitation, violence, and abuse]]: Protecting against all forms of exploitation, violence, and abuse.

== Implementation and Monitoring ==

The CRPD establishes a framework for implementation and monitoring at both the national and international levels. States Parties are required to designate one or more focal points within government for matters relating to the implementation of the CRPD and to establish or designate a coordination mechanism to facilitate related action in different sectors and at different levels.

=== National Implementation ===

At the national level, States Parties are encouraged to establish independent mechanisms to promote, protect, and monitor the implementation of the CRPD. This may include national human rights institutions or other independent bodies. States Parties are also required to involve persons with disabilities and their representative organizations in the monitoring process.

=== International Monitoring ===

At the international level, the CRPD establishes the [[Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities|Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities]], a body of independent experts tasked with monitoring the implementation of the Convention. States Parties are required to submit regular reports to the Committee on how the rights are being implemented. The Committee examines each report and makes recommendations to the State Party concerned.

== Optional Protocol ==

Alongside the CRPD, an [[Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities|Optional Protocol]] was adopted, which provides for two additional procedures: a communications procedure allowing individuals and groups to submit complaints about violations of the Convention, and an inquiry procedure enabling the Committee to investigate grave or systematic violations of the Convention.

== Challenges and Criticisms ==

Despite its comprehensive framework, the CRPD faces several challenges and criticisms. One major challenge is the varying levels of commitment and resources among States Parties, which can affect the implementation of the Convention's provisions. Additionally, some critics argue that the CRPD does not sufficiently address the specific needs of certain groups, such as persons with intellectual disabilities or those living in rural areas.

== Conclusion ==

The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities represents a significant milestone in the global effort to promote and protect the rights of persons with disabilities. By establishing a comprehensive framework for action, the CRPD has contributed to raising awareness and fostering a more inclusive society. However, ongoing efforts are needed to address the challenges and ensure the full and effective implementation of the Convention.

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== See Also ==

* [[Human Rights]]
* [[Disability Rights Movement]]
* [[Social Model of Disability]]

[[Category:Human Rights Treaties]]
[[Category:Disability Rights]]
[[Category:United Nations Conventions]]