Swedish period of Finland
Introduction
The Swedish period of Finland, spanning from the late 12th century to 1809, represents a significant era in the history of Finland. During this time, Finland was an integral part of the Kingdom of Sweden, influencing its political, social, and cultural development. This period is characterized by the establishment of Swedish rule, the spread of Christianity, the integration of Finnish territories into the Swedish realm, and the eventual transition to Russian control. The Swedish period left a lasting legacy on Finnish society, language, and governance, which continues to be evident in modern Finland.
Historical Background
Early Contacts and Conquests
The initial contact between Sweden and Finland can be traced back to the Viking Age, when Swedish Vikings, known as Varangians, engaged in trade and raids along the Finnish coast. However, it was not until the late 12th century that Sweden began to exert more formal control over Finnish territories. The Second Swedish Crusade, led by Birger Jarl in the mid-13th century, marked a turning point, as it aimed to consolidate Swedish influence and spread Christianity in Finland.
Integration into the Swedish Realm
Following the crusades, Finland was gradually integrated into the Swedish kingdom. The establishment of the Diocese of Turku in 1229 was a pivotal moment, as it facilitated the spread of Christianity and Swedish administrative structures. The Treaty of Nöteborg in 1323 further solidified Swedish control over Finnish territories, delineating borders with Novgorod and reducing conflict in the region.
Political and Administrative Structures
Governance and Law
During the Swedish period, Finland was governed as part of the Swedish realm, with local administration mirroring Swedish models. The Lands of Sweden were divided into provinces, each governed by a Governor-General. Finnish provinces were subject to Swedish law, notably the Landslag, which was codified in the 14th century. This legal framework introduced concepts such as trial by jury and the rights of peasants, influencing Finnish legal traditions.
The Role of the Church
The Catholic Church played a central role in the governance and cultural life of Finland during the Swedish period. The Church was instrumental in the spread of literacy and education, establishing schools and promoting the use of Latin and Swedish in religious and administrative contexts. The Reformation in the 16th century, led by figures like Mikael Agricola, introduced Lutheranism to Finland, further shaping its religious landscape.
Economic and Social Developments
Agriculture and Trade
The Finnish economy during the Swedish period was predominantly agrarian, with agriculture forming the backbone of rural life. The introduction of new agricultural techniques and crops, such as rye and oats, improved productivity. Trade also flourished, particularly in coastal towns like Turku and Helsinki, which became important centers for commerce and shipbuilding.
Social Hierarchy and Daily Life
Finnish society was structured along feudal lines, with a clear hierarchy of nobility, clergy, burghers, and peasants. The nobility, often of Swedish descent, held significant power and land, while the majority of Finns were peasants engaged in subsistence farming. Daily life was shaped by the harsh climate and geography, with communities relying on cooperation and communal resources for survival.
Cultural and Linguistic Influence
Language and Literature
The Swedish period had a profound impact on the Finnish language and literature. Swedish became the language of administration, law, and education, while Finnish was primarily spoken by the rural population. The publication of the first Finnish-language book, the ABC Book by Mikael Agricola, marked the beginning of Finnish literature and the standardization of the Finnish language.
Art and Architecture
Swedish influence is evident in Finnish art and architecture from this period. The construction of stone churches and castles, such as Turku Castle, reflected Gothic and Romanesque styles prevalent in Sweden. Artistic expression was often religious in nature, with church frescoes and altarpieces depicting biblical scenes and saints.
Transition to Russian Rule
The Finnish War
The Finnish War (1808-1809) between Sweden and Russia marked the end of the Swedish period in Finland. The war resulted in the Treaty of Fredrikshamn, which ceded Finland to Russia, establishing it as an autonomous Grand Duchy within the Russian Empire. This transition brought significant political and social changes, as Finland navigated its new status under Russian rule.
Legacy of the Swedish Period
The Swedish period left an indelible mark on Finnish society. The legal and administrative systems established during this time laid the foundation for modern Finnish governance. The influence of Swedish culture and language is still evident, with Swedish recognized as one of Finland's official languages. The period also fostered a sense of Finnish identity, which would later contribute to the country's push for independence in the 20th century.